Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) :: Essays Papers

Huck Finn3Characters found in Mark bridges novel, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn are shown as being victims of the times done their ignorance to the possibility that all men are equal no involvement what color skin one has. pap, Hucks father, is the most unbelieving character within the book. He blatantly comes out and tells the reader his heart of blacks, while a character such as turkey cock isnt so obvious. Along with these two characters, the Royal Nonesuch and the Phelpss friends video display an ignorance of the times. Huck displays ignorance at its best, and shows that with a little love, it can easily be diminished. Throughout the book characters reveal their basis towards black people done the various situations. The most racist of the characters was Pap. He refused to believe that blacks and whites were equal. Pap walked rough with a superior locating because he was white, which was a common attitude of his time. While some characters, such as Huck, ha d sympathy towards blacks, Pap did not care for them at all. He thought it to be quite ridiculous that a free slave had a gold watch and compass and a silver-headed cane while Pap had nothing (24). He was excite with the fact that this free slave was allowed to vote and he said, Ill never vote agin as long as I live, to stress how lots he despised blacks (24). Pap believed the government to be corrupt because it couldnt sell a free ringtail bank hes been in the state six months (24). He scour went on to tell the reader that the free slave was a prowling, thieving, infernal, white-shirted nigger only because he had a different color skin than Pap (24). He never had anything nice to say about blacks, and constantly looked nap on them. Twain used Paps character.Toms ignorance was a lot more subtle than Paps. His ignorance was not shown until much later in the book when Huck tells Tom that he is passing play to steal Jim back. Huck was surprised when Tom said he was exp iry to help Huck steal Jim because Huck thought that Tom would say, its dirty, low-down business (203). Huck, knowing that Tom was respectable and well brung up and had a character to lose, could not figure out why Tom would help steal a slave (210).

Disorders

The enquiry states that in sexual trauma there is a prevalence of consequent axis II disorders, especially Borderline constitution Disorder (BPD) as well as Post Traumatic essay Disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder) and essence Use Disorder (SUDS) (Yen et al. , 2002). This heavy correlation amongst posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder and substance abuse disorder, create complications in treatment (Ross, Dermatis, Levounis, and Galanter, 2003). The remnant of the present paper is three-fold.First, it aims at reviewing current research and theoretical frameworks which atomic number 18 designed to measure the degree of the relationship in the midst of PTSD and BPD. It is also sought to trace how it is possible by perceive to the correlation to avoid or neutralize further psycho kind problems while reducing damage in substance abuse prevention. Second, the tec plans to analyze the implications of how failure to address these dynamics in reducing ha rm and treating co-occurring disturbances may further delay treatment and create relapse.Finally, there is an depth psychology of the methodologies employed in the treatment theories presented. A particular emphasis is make on the Integrative Treatment Approach suggested by Najavits (2002) and the Dialectical behavioural Therapy highly-developed by Lineham (1993). The researcher attempts to explain how these theories influenced the understanding of this dilemma. Before transaction to the first point, it is necessary to clarify the main theoretical concepts, such as BPD and PTSD.Speaking popularly, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a normal reception to an abnormal event (Schiraldi, 2000, p. 3). Being categorized by the American psychiatric Association as one of the anxiety disorders, it is typically caused by all or several(prenominal) of the three types of traumatic events Intentional Human causes, unwitting Human causes, or Acts of Nature. The presence of the stressor a s part of the diagnosis differentiates PTSD from other disorders and makes it a uniquely complex phenomenon.Besides an word-painting to the stressful event, American Psychiatric Association in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1994, paraphrased in Schiraldi, 2000) lists another four PTSD criteria forbidding (to a greater extent than one month) re-experiencing of the trauma (this category of symptoms is titled intrusive memories in Johnson, 2004), persistent (more than one month) dodge of trauma-associated stimuli and suppression of general responsiveness (avoidance behavior according to Johnson, 2004), persistent (more than one month) symptoms of hyperarousal (or, according to Johnson, 2004, hypervigilance), and disruption of mental and functional equilibrium. In its turn, Borderline temper Disorder (BPD) from the viewpoints of attachment possibleness and developmental psychopathology is defined as a highly prevalent, chronic, and en feeble psychiatric problem associated with the following symptoms a pattern of chaotic and unsuccessful interpersonal relationships, emotional lability, poor impulse control, angry outbursts, frequent suicidality, and self-mutilation (Levy, 2005, p. 259).Kernberg (2004), who considered the presidential term of the personality to be crucially determined by affective responses as displayed under conditions of peak affect states, listed identity diffusion and the predominance of bad-mannered defensive ope proportionalityns centering on splitting among the key symptoms of this psychological dysfunction noting that they are tended to(p) by the presence of good truth testing (p. 99). The researcher meant that although the patient imagined himself living in the paranoid and misshapen reality, he differentiated mingled with the self and other objects. It is true that umteen current researchers acknowledge the correlation between PTSD and BPD, the latter macrocosm treated as one typ e of personality disorders (PDs). Bremner (1999) conceptualized BPD as modification to the psychiatric disorders associated with traumatic stress.From this perspective, an exposure to traumatic events and consequent stress affected structural and functional aspects of the brain so that stress-related psychiatric dysfunctions were developed. The viewpoint was back up by McGlashan et al. (2000) who as relying on the results of a descriptive, prospective, longitudinal, repeated-measures study of a clinical sample of four representative DSM-IV personality disorders called The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS) (N = 571) found a high rate of Axis II/II overlap. To specify, PTSD and BPD co-existed in almost a half of the sample. To be even more specific, Yen et al.(2002) conducted a longitudinal, prospective, naturalistic, multisite and cross-sectional study to analyze the correlation of the aforementioned two Axis II disorders within the community of 668 in dividuals between the ages of 18 and 45 years. Twenty-five percent of those participants (N = 167) exposeed BPD symptoms. Furthermore, BPD participants more oftentimes suffered from lifetime PTSD than patients with any other form of PDs (51% of those 191 individuals who reported of a history of traumatic exposure). Overall, Yen et al. (2002) hypothesized that BPD symptoms trigger vulnerability for traumatic exposure which is the key characteristic of PTSD. Bolton, Mueser, and Rosenberg (2006) observed that between 25% and 56% of individuals with BPD exhibit symptoms of current PTSD as compared to approximately 10% of other patients.Upon epitome of the two studies the index one involving 275 mentally impaired yard bird and outpatient individuals with PTSD (30 patients with BPD among them) and the replication one involving 204 patients (20 people with BPD among them), the researchers stated that comorbid diagnoses of BPD and PTSD were associated with higher evaluate of severe an xiety and depression. Ross, Dermatis, Levounis, and Galanter (2003) cited empirical evidence of comorbid PDs being highly associated with Substance Use Disorder (SUDS) in approximately 50% of the samples. They also dual-lane a viewpoint that stress-related dysfunctions predicted worse treatment outcomes, for example, poorer psychosocial functioning, increase drug use, and dishonor retention rates.In a course of the eight-month research in a narrow down inpatient dual diagnosis unit at a ordinary hospital, the researchers observed the population of 100 patients, among which 53% displayed some kind of PDs. seventy-four percent of the interviewees were targeted as having BPD, whereas twenty-five percent exhibited PTSD symptoms. Patients with comorbid disorders (dual and triple diagnoses) were more likely to abuse substance use (33% alcohol 32% polysubstance 25% cocaine 21% cannabis and 13% heroin). Consequently, such individuals had more inpatient admissions and more severe sy mptom profiles than the ones with a single diagnosis. The difference between people with the single-, dual- and triple diagnoses was extremely evident in after-hospitalization treatment. Ross et al.(2003) argued that comorbidity of PDs as accompanied by SUDs should put the clinicians on alert as such individuals needed to be guided at this critical junction (p. 275) of a transition from the in- to out-patient environments so that they would be aware of the necessity to comply with after-care therapy. II The concluding section is dedicated to the analysis of the two innovative and utile therapeutic climbes to treating PDs as combined with SUDs first, the Dialectical Behavioural Therapy developed by Lineham (1993) and, second, the Integrative Treatment Approach suggested by Najavits (2002). The former approach fits into the problem-solving therapeutic paradigm which is praised for the treatment allowing wide amplification and being clinically put inive.Its core assumption is that a ntisocial and inadequate behavioral patterns are explained by the scarcity of patients psychological resources to cope with their problems in an alternative acceptable manner. Linehams Dialectical Behavioural Therapy differentiates from other problem-solving alternatives in its particular attention to the effect of a specific diagnosis on the course of treatment and its co personnel casualtyal preventive measures against poor attendance. Linehan compared the outcomes of her dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT) to the ones of standard outpatient-care methods to find that the ratio of patients who continued treatment with the assistance of a single therapist change magnitude from 42 to 83 percent. The approach utilizes a range of cognitive-behavioural therapeutic techniques as based on a dialectic philosophy.On the one hand, the patient is helped to honour his/her self as a precious and integrative phenomenon by eliminating the feelings of guilt, self-abomination and neglect. On t he other hand, a therapist assists an individual with multiple disorders in conclusion stimuli for change. The core concept of the approach is the skill which is defined as cognitive, emotional, and evident behavioral (or action) response repertoires together with their integration, which is necessary for efficacious performance (Linehan, 1993, p. 329). The savant described the four broad modules of skills (1) mindfulness, (2) interpersonal effectiveness, (3) emotion regulation, and (4) distress tolerance.To proceed, the introduce of this method listed three categories of skills training procedures (1) skills acquisition, (2) skill strengthening, and (3) skill generalization. An introduction of bleak skills occurs at the first stage. At the further stages, a patient learns to palm the freshly acquired skills and project them onto the everyday environment. The Integrative Treatment Approach suggested by Najavits (2002) was designed specifically for treating PTSD and substance abuse. Therefore it is especially expensive for helping patients with multiple diagnoses. This therapeutic technique is a present-focused one so far as it helps patients to free themselves from the past traumatic experiences and enables them to practice in acquiring safety from trauma/PTSD and substance abuse.Being equally effective for single patients and groups of various backgrounds, Najavits methodology relies on the five principles. First, individuals with multiple disorders are stimulated to value safety as the main life goal in regard to relationships, thinking, behavior, and emotions. Second, they are guided into the integrated course of treatment, during which several dysfunctions are seen to at once. Third, individuals are helped in designing ideals to balance against the loss of ideals resulting in PTSD and substance abuse. Fourth, a range of exercises includes cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, case focussing practice. Finally, the method heavily relies on clinician s activities.

The Epidemic of Teenagers Using Drugs

The Epidemic of Teenagers Ab recitation Drugs Krystyn Romualdo COM/156 November 18, 2012 Jackie Hudspeth Jr The Epidemic of Teenagers Abusing Drugs To have cognise so legion(predicate) people that have struggled with medicate dependance in their juvenile years it has become actually apparent what a indispensable judgment of conviction in ones life it is to know the dangers of abusing drugs as a teen. Even though non all teens evil drugs, it is an epiphytotic in the United States beca delectation more teens are turn to drugs to escape or role come to the fore of boredom.Take my younger associate for instance he has struggled with drug addiction from the time he was a pueriler into his early twenties. My brother Matthew started off smoking pot and drinking socially out of boredom. and so he undercoat the drug crack cocaine to escape from human race as his world came crashing d declare around him. Once he rear that drug he went all overboard and started stealing electronics and pawning them for money to buy his drugs. From on that point he would also beg people for money and obtain it to quiver his fix. He would clean up for about a week at a time exclusively would fall right back into it.He would dump his music in his room while he was high on drugs. He would also disappear for days at a time while on a drug binge. After stealing everything in my mothers house my mother finally committed him to a drug rehabilitation center. The first one failed. The second one failed. Matthew fairish could non touch on off the drugs. He to this day struggles with drug addiction, and he is now twenty four. However Matthew is just one of many an(prenominal) with stories analogous these. Let us look at how many others are a lineament of this vicious cycle known as drug annoyance among teens.A lot of teenagers abuse drugs for a variety of reasons, stress from school, social word sense or low self-esteem, self-medication, misinformation, and boomin g access to name some(prenominal). Seventy tierce portion of teens of teens report the number one reason for using drugs is to spot with the pressures and stress of school. This was done by the Partnership for a Drug-Free the States (2010). They have to deal with the pressures of being socially accepted, what clothes they are wearying if they are cool and the overall stress of their schoolwork. Self-medication being nother reason teenagers use drugs is huge. One self-medicates to deal with all types of stress that they feel like they cannot cut with. There was a study conducted in 2009 that reported an estimated seventy portion of teens suffer from undiagnosed clinical depression perhaps at any(prenominal) point in their life. Depression is a leading cause and belief of wherefore teens turn to drugs. Many teens are unaware that they have an underlying mental or mood disorder that is causing them to use vile or prescription drugs to self-medicate and cope with their symp toms.Teenagers abuse drugs due to misinformation with studies sho take ing that many teenagers do not know the effects of drugs. Most teens do not see any major risk with abusing drugs. Forty one percent of teens mistakenly believe that it is safer to abuse a prescription drug over a street drug. Teens also abuse drugs for social acceptance. They want to be accepted by their peers so they do drugs just to be part of a group or clique. Another reason is low self-esteem. muckle who feel down on themselves are more likely to abuse drugs to feel better about themselves.Easy access is one of the main reasons teenagers slowly get given up to drugs. Almost fifty percent of teenagers say it is easy for them to get marijuana seventeen percent say it is easy to get methamphetamine fourteen percent mention that it is easy obtain heroine and over fifty percent of teens say it is easy to get prescription drugs from their parents medical specialty cabinets. Let us explore how one teenager bec ame addicted to drugs by going through the music cabinets of his own family. This teenager was a football star and had made more wins for his team than he can count.But he started to have troubling pain in his hamstring. He decided at first to just walk it off instead of going to the doctor. This teenager walked it off until he could not endure it anymore. He remembered that his father had a surgery a while back. So he searched for the medication and implant a prescription pill nursing bottle that said Percocet on it. The bottle said to take every four to six hours for pain. Now Percocet is a strong painkiller that is highly addictive. This teenager was unaware of its high addiction level so he started to take them as directed.When he ran out of those he found more prescription painkillers from his brothers medicine cabinet because he had to win the big game. Once he found his brothers medicine he had enough to last him to win the big and final game. He won the big game but after wards he ran out of medicine. He started to get sick and began to hump hot and cold sweats and realized he was physically addicted to prescription drugs. He had to go through withdrawals to realize he was physically addicted to the drugs. But withdrawals are just one of many results of using or abusing drugs.There are many bad outcomes to abusing drugs. Some teenagers just pine international their lives. Others hurt the ones they love by stealing from them or treating them awfully when they are coming down off their high. Some teens become very violent and out of control towards everyone around them. Some teens run away and disappear for life. Other teenagers get raped not even cognise it unless someone tells them what happened unless they were awake during the rape. A rising problem among teens and drug use is teen pregnancy.Minimally, one million teenage girls become pregnant annually, reports the Womens International Network News (1992). One study of youth in three urban are as found that between twenty nine and xl two percent of the girls studied reported being pregnant at least once before the age of seventeen (Huizinga, Loeber, &038 Thornberry, 1993). The effects of this has caused a decline in furthering education and an incline in single line as most young men do not hold fast to support the child or even be there for the teenage girl during pregnancy let alone post-partum.Another bad outcome is teenage violence. Teenagers are particularly vulnerable to violence and victimization. They are at a high risk for interfamilial emotional, physical and sexual abuse (Strom, K. , Oguinick, C. M. , &038 Singer, M. I. Page 3, 1995). They hear twice the amount of violence adults do. Some of the violence includes theft, assault, and rape. On a ten point scale drug abuse was at an 8. 5 for teens being at a high risk (Stephens, G. Page 2, 2010). It is not all grim as there is hope. There are many resources to jock teenagers overcome the use of drugs. One is in the schools.Knowing that school bedevil outs and failure in school are contributors to drug use it is exceed how critical it is to have an educational facility with competent, caring teachers working with parents and the corporation (Stephens, G. Page 3, 2010). However, most teens in this digital age, do better turning to press outs such as Above the see and below Your receive Influence. Under Your Own Influence was a campaign that started off in several schools and ran a campaign from 1992 to 1995. Above the Influence is a campaign that smooth continues today on a national level. Both were started to get kids to occlusive off marijuana butAbove the Influence has turned into a national campaign to stay off all drugs. Be Under Your Own Influence was found to reduce marijuana uptake in an earlier disarrange community trial. It was re-branded as Above the Influence by the Office of case Drug Control Policy (Slater, M. , Kelly, K. , Lawrence, F. , Stanley, L. , &038 Comell o, M. Page 1). Above the Influence not only serves as a television media campaign but has its own website with tons of information and table service such as testimonials, ways to help a friend and interactive communications to keep kids off of drugs and in a higher place the influence of them.Even though not all teens abuse drugs, it is an epidemic in the United States because more teens are turning to drugs to escape or use out of boredom. We have experienced my own personal account of penetrating someone addicted to drugs. You have seen the numbers of how easy it is for teens to get drugs and why they abuse them. We have seen how prescription drug abuse comes about. We have explored some of the outcomes of drug abuse and what resources are available to help teens overcome or abstain from drug abuse. If you know a teenager abusing drugs, help them help themselves and get them the help that they need.References (American psychological Association). Strom, K. , Oguinick, C. M. , & 038 Singer, M. I. (1995). What do Teenagers Want? What do Teenagers lease?. Child &038 Adolescent Social Work Journal, 12 (5), 345-359. (American Psychological Association). Lindstrom, M. (2011). incommode PILLS?. Odyssey 20(7), 30. (American Psychological Association). Stephens, G. (2010). Youth at Risk A New project for Saving The Worlds Most Precious Resource. Futurist, 44 (4), 16. (American Psychological Association). Johnson, A. O. , Mink, M. D. , Harun, N. , Moore, C. G. , Martin, A. B. Bennett, K. J. (2008). Violence and Drug Use in Rural Teens National preponderance Estimates from the 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Journal of School Health, 78 (10), 554-561. inside10. 1111/j. 1746-1561. 2008. 00343. x (American Psychological Association). Slater, M. , Kelly, K. , Lawrence, F. , Stanley, L. , &038 Comello, L. (2011). Assessing media campaigns linking marijuana non-use with autonomy and aspirations Be Under Your Own Influence and ONDCPs Above the Influence. Prevention Sci ence The formal Journal of The Society For Prevention Research, 12(1), 12-22.

A Thesis in Institutional Management

1. To identify the major(ip) theories that is usually taught in most of the universities specializing Hotel and eating house Management Major in institutional Management.2. How do they implement theories in their companies and the way it is being practiced?3. To come up with a exemplar in practices as implemented by selected companies in Malate.Institutional care is often associated with hotel and restaurant management since it is one of the two major courses that batch be chosen in taking up Hotel and Restaurant Management. systematically ranked in the ten top hospitality programs, the Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management (HRIM) program prepares students for careers in the hospitality industry. The four year program leads to a B.S. degree, with a curriculum founded in academic disciplines which include the broad-minded arts, melody, science, and specialized courses in theoretical as closely as managerial components for the hotel and restaurant industry (www. udel. edu/CSC/hrim.html). At this present time, Hotel and restaurant management major in Institutional Management and Culinary Arts is really in demand in the Philippines.Related essay Problems Encountered in Ojt in HotelIn 1890, it was Ellen Richards of New England Kitchen who influenced the home economists to work in food service and in other aspects of managing a variety of institutions, including schools, colleges, orphanages, hospitals, prisons, military facilities, hotels, and restaurants. In 1910, the American spot Economics Association formed the Institution Economics section, and matters related to institutional management-especially school lunches-were popular topics of discussion at conferences and in periodicals.The American dietetical Association was formed in 1917 as an offshoot of the AHEA, and by the mid-twenties programs in institutional management were being established in more schools of home economics in land-grant and other universities. In addition, at some uni versities, schools of hotel and restaurant management were affiliated with schools of home economics and trained students for a wide variety of careers in the hospitality industry. (www.hearth.library.cornell.edu/h/hearth/inst_mgt.html). story programs in hospitality management studies like Institutional Management is very important to learn for those who would like to work as managers or supervisors in a restaurant or hotel. It gives details in managing and operating hotels and restaurants and business side of running a hotel or restaurant. It go forth also stomach them with a strong management and service orientation as well as a global perspective of hotel and restaurant operations. In the Philippines, on that point are a lot of universities, especially in metro capital of the Philippines offers Hotel and Restaurant Management courses because of the development and progress of hospitality industry in the Philippines and outside the country. Many students decide to take this c ourse for they believe it will give them good work and salary in the country or abroad.

Deception Point Page 99

Pickering sighed. NASA, for all its flaws, must remain a political sympathies entity. Certainly she can understand the dangers. Privatization would send NASAs best minds and ideas flooding into the mysterious sector. The brain trust would dissolve. The military would lose access. Private space companies flavor to raise capital would start selling NASA patents and ideas to the highest bidders worldwideRachels voice was tremulous. You faked the meteorite and killed unreserved people in the name of national security?It was n for invariably supposed(a) to happen like this, Pickering said. The plan was to save an important government chest of drawers. violent death was not part of it.The meteorite deception, Pickering knew, like most intelligence proposals, had been the product of fear. deuce-ace years ago, in an effort to extend the NRO hydrophones into deeper water w here(predicate) they could not be touched by enemy saboteurs, Pickering spearheaded a program that utilized a new ly developed NASA building material to secretly design an astonishingly durable submarine capable of carrying humans to the deepest regions of the ocean-including the bottom of the Mariana Trench.Forged from a revolutionary ceramic, this two-man submarine was designed from blueprints hacked from the computer of a California channelise named Graham Hawkes, a genius sub designer whose life fantasy was to build an ultra-deepwater submersible he called Deep Flight II. Hawkes was having trouble conclusion funding to build a prototype. Pickering, on the other hand, had an unlimited budget.victimization the classified ceramic submersible, Pickering sent a ulterior team semiaquatic to affix new hydrophones to the walls of the Mariana Trench, deeper than any enemy could possibly look. In the address of drilling, however, they uncovered geologic structures unlike any that scientists had ever seen. The discoveries included chondrules and fossils of some(prenominal) unknown species. Of course, because the NROs ability to dive this deep was classified, none of the information could ever be shared.It was not until recently, driven yet again by fear, that Pickering and his low-keyed team of NRO science advisers had decided to put their knowledge of the Marianas unique geology to employment to help save NASA. Turning a Mariana flap into a meteorite had proven to be a deceptively simple task. Using an ECE slush-hydrogen engine, the NRO team charred the rock with a convincing fusion crust. Then, using a small onus sub, they had descended beneath the Milne Ice Shelf and inserted the charred rock up into the ice from beneath. formerly the insertion shaft refroze, the rock looked like it had been there for over triple hundred years.Unfortunately, as was often the case in the world of covert operations, the grandest of plans could be undone by the smallest of snags. Yesterday, the entire illusion had been shattered by a few bioluminescent planktonFrom the cockpit of t he idling Kiowa, Delta-One watched the drama unfold originallyhand him. Rachel and Tolland appeared to be in clear control, although Delta-One almost had to laugh at the insincerity of the illusion. The machine gun in Tollands hands was worthless level(p) from here Delta-One could see the cocking bar assembly had kicked back, indicating the clip was empty.As Delta-One gazed out at his partner struggling in the Tritons claws, he knew he had to hurry. The focus on deck had turned completely to Pickering, and now Delta-One could make his move. Leaving the rotors idling, he slipped out of the rear of the fuselage and, using the chopper for cover, made his way spiritual world onto the starboard gangway. With his own machine gun in hand, he headed for the bow. Pickering had precondition him specific orders before they landed on deck, and Delta-One had no intention of flunk at this simple task.In a matter of minutes, he knew, this allow all be over.122Still wearing his bathrobe, Zach Herney sat at his desk in the Oval Office, his head throbbing. The newest piece of the puzzle had just been revealed.Marjorie Tench is dead.Herneys infernal region said they had information suggesting Tench had driven to the FDR Memorial for a occult meeting with William Pickering. Now that Pickering was missing, the staff feared Pickering too might be dead.The president and Pickering had endured their battles lately. Months ago Herney learned that Pickering had engaged in illegal activity on Herneys behalf in an attempt to save Herneys floundering campaign.Employing NRO assets, Pickering had discreetly obtained enough dirt on Senator sexton to sink his campaign-scandalous sexual photos of the senator with his aide-de-camp Gabrielle Ashe, incriminating financial records proving Sexton was taking bribes from private space companies. Pickering anonymously sent all the render to Marjorie Tench, assuming the etiolate House would use it wisely. But Herney, upon seeing the data, h ad disallow Tench to use it. Sex scandals and bribery were cancers in Washington, and waving other one in front of the public only added to their distrust of government.Cynicism is kill this country.Although Herney knew he could destroy Sexton with scandal, the cost would be besmirching the dignity of the U.S. Senate, something Herney refused to do.No more negatives. Herney would beat Senator Sexton on the issues.Pickering, angered by the White Houses refusal to use the evidence he had provided, tried to jump-start the scandal by escape cocking a rumor that Sexton had slept with Gabrielle Ashe. Unfortunately, Sexton declared his innocence with such(prenominal) convincing indignation that the chairperson ended up having to apologize for the leak personally. In the end William Pickering had done more damage than good. Herney told Pickering that if he ever interfered in the campaign again, he would be indicted. The grand irony, of course, was that Pickering did not even like Presi dent Herney. The NRO directors attempts to help Herneys campaign were simply fears over the pile of NASA. Zach Herney was the lesser of two evils.Now has someone killed Pickering?Herney could not imagine.Mr. President? an aide said. As you requested, I called Lawrence Ekstrom and told him about Marjorie Tench.Thank you.He would like to discourse to you, sir.Herney was still furious with Ekstrom for lying about PODS. Tell him Ill talk to him in the morning.Mr. Ekstrom wants to talk to you right away, sir. The aide looked uneasy. Hes very upset.HES upset? Herney could feel his wrath fraying around the edges. As he stalked off to take Ekstroms call, the President wondered what the hell else could possibly go wrong tonight.123Onboard the Goya, Rachel felt lightheaded. The mystification that had colonized around her like a heavy fog was lifting now. The stark humans that came into focus left her feeling naked and disgusted. She looked at the stranger before her and could barely hear his voice.We take aimed to rebuild NASAs image, Pickering was saying. Their declining popularity and funding had become hard on so many levels. Pickering paused, his gray eyes locking on hers. Rachel, NASA was desperate for a triumph. Someone had to make it happen.Something had to be done, Pickering thought.The meteorite had been a final exam act of desperation. Pickering and others had tried to save NASA by lobbying to incorporate the space agency into the intelligence community where it would enjoy increased funding and better security, exactly the White House continuously rebuffed the idea as an assault on pure science. Shortsighted idealism. With the rising popularity of Sextons anti-NASA rhetoric, Pickering and his band of military powerbrokers knew time was rivulet short. They decided that capturing the imagination of taxpayers and Congress was the only remaining way to keep NASAs image and save it from the auction block. If the space agency was to survive, it would need an excerpt of grandeur-something to remind the taxpayers of NASAs Apollo glory days. And if Zach Herney was going to defeat Senator Sexton, he was going to need help.

Online Study

Chapters 5 and 6 Study lam1. For the popishs, _________ Italys __________ geography do enceinte(p) of Italy a natural crossroads and an compass easy to defend. P1142. Rome was established in the first millennium B. C. on the plain of __________ plain of Latium ___________. P1143. All of the future(a) about the Etruscans atomic number 18 comprise expel direct many of Romes patrician class and established a republic in Rome in 509 B. C. p. 114-115 a. sett take north of Rome. b. adopted alphabetic language from the Greeks before 600 B. C. c. had begun to decline by 480 B. C. . civilized Rome by bit it into a true urban center. 4. ______________ Rome ____________ set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes later on forming the papist Confederation by offering the most favored all in allied peoples full Roman citizenship, thus tolerant them a stake in successful Roman expansion. p. 1205. _____________ Romes ______s advantage of the Italian peninsula by 264 B . C. can be attributed in variance to superior diplomacy. p. 1216. In defeating the ___________ Greek ____________ city- dry rural areas in southern Italy, Rome had to fight the soldiers of office Pyrrhus, sent against them by the Greeksp. 207. The Roman ____________ Dictator _____________ was a atypical executive during the accomplish custodyt of the res publica and exercised unlimited put forward for a period of usually six months. p. 1178. Executive authority or ___________ imperium ___________ during the Roman Republic was held by the consuls and praetors. p. 1179. As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with ordaineds cognise as ______________ proconsuls __________ and propraetors. p. 11710. The ___________ paterfamilias ________ in Roman order of magnitude was the male designate of the household. p. 11811.Originally the Roman ________ Senate __________ could only advise the magistrates in legal matters. p. 11712. In their campaign with t he patricians, Roman __________ plebeins ____________employed which of the future(a) tactics a physical withdrawal from the state cumulation the stairscutting its array manpower and the formation of popular assemblies to lobby for more semipolitical reforms. p. 11813. The _______ twelve _______ Tables was/were the first formal codification of Roman faithfulness and customs. p. 118-11914. The by-line statements about the Roman armies in the early Republic are correct. . unitary hundred twenty-five a. All soldiers were citizens. b. Most soldiers were farmers. c. Soldiers were enrolled for only a year. d. In the ordinal coulomb BCE there were four legions, each consisting of 4,000 to 5,000 men. 15. The _________ Carthaginians __________originated from Phoenician Tyre. p. 121 16. The immediate cause of the root Punic fight was Rome sending an army to_______ Sicily ____________. p. 12217. As a result of the First Punic War the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw fro m ___________ Sicily _____________ and abide an indemnity to Rome. . 12218. During the Second Punic War, ____________ Scipio Africanus _______________ expelled the Carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive combat of Zama. p. 12419. The Second Punic War saw Carthage carry a land war to Rome by carrefour the _____ Alps ____. p. 12320. The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was ___ Cato ____. P. 12421. The result of the _________ Third Punic War ____________ Punic War was the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage. p. 12422.It can outdo be said that __________ Roman _____________ imperial expansion was elevatedly opportunistic, responding to unforeseen troops threats and possibilities for glory. p. 12423. The head of the Roman religious observances was______ the pontifex maximus _______. p. 12724. In Roman __________ godliness ______________, a right relationship with the gods was achieved by accurate performance of r ituals and festivals. p. 12725. Roman religious practices included a. a college of priests to carry out rituals correctly. b. the adoption of certain(a) Greek gods like Apollo. p. 2726. With regards to Roman schooling, education stressed discipline in __________ Greek _______________ and mastery of rhetoric, or persuasive public spea poove. p. 12827. By the latter Republic, Roman slaves often worked on the Roman _______house hold workers___________. p. 12928. Roman ________upper________-class women typically had some independent legal rights and property. p. 13129. In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, couldp. 129 a. allot his children. b. put his children to death. c. arrange the marriages of all offspring. d. divorce his wife. 30.The Romans most noticeable aims in art and culture were found in __________ architecture _____________ and ____________ engineering ___________. p. 13331. The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius ________________ Gracchus _____________ __resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups. p. 13632. The __________ equites ____________were a wealthy and ambitious class of Romans who appeared in the late Republic. p. 135 33. ______________ sulla ___________s legacy and importance was that he employed his personal army in political disputes, paving the way toward Roman civil war. . 13734. Among the dangerous military innovations of _______ Marius _______________threatening the Republic, one finds he recruited destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him. p. 13635. Cicero a. believed in a concord of the coiffes. b. was a new man of the equestrian order. c. was a outstanding orator and capable lawyer. d. advocated a balanced government of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. p. 13836. Julius ____________ Caesar ______________led military commands in Spain and especially Gaul that enhanced his popularity. p. 13837.The First Triumvirate included____ Caesar_ ___, ___ Crassus____, and___ Pompey____. p. 138 Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.38. By crossing the___________ Rubicon ____________, Caesar showed that he was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate. p. 13939. The Roman Senate under _____________ Augustus ______________was retained as the chief deliberative body of the Roman state. p. 14840. The tyrannical monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to a. the usual victory of his candidates in official elections. b. the decline of popular participation in elections. c. his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power. p. 14941. Augustus held the titles of imperator, ____________imperium____________, tribune, and prineps. p. 148-14942. The Roman ________ praetorian _______________ guards were elite troops precondition the task of protecting the emperor. p. 15043. Under the rule of______________ Augustus _____________, the Roman conglomerate rancid towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the Senate. p. 14844. The event that curtailed _____________ Augustuss ________________s expansionist policies was the defeat by Varus in the Teutoburg Forest. . 15145. Romanization in Roman empire occurred quickly in the __________West________. P. 158 western hemisphere46. Among Augustus most main(prenominal) actions in the area of Roman religion was his creation of an imperial ___________Cult_______________. p. 15247. The city on the Tiber that was Romes chief port was________ Ostia _______________. p. 15848. Livy was best known in the Augustan Age for his __________ History of Rome ___________ in 142 books. p. 15349. Ovids ___________ The Art of Love _________________ caused great displeasure to Augustus and led to Ovids eventual exile. p. 52-15350. The golden age historian ___________ Livy ______________is wholesome known for his perceiving history in terms of sharp moral lessons. p. 15351. The inheritor to Augustus and first of the Julio-Claudian rules was___ ______ Tiberius ____________. p. 15452. The Julio-Claudian emperors varied in ability and effectiveness. p. 15453. During the reigns of the _____________ Julio-Claudian ____________ emperors, Emperors took more and more true(a) ruling power away from the old Senate. p. 15454. The first of the Flavian emperors was___________ Vespasian _______________. . 15455. The correct order of the five erect emperors is _______ Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pious, Marcus Aurelius _____. p. 15556. All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five good emperors a. organism a period of peace for 100 years. b. the establishment of educational programs for the poor. c. massive building programs. d. organism an era of prosperity. p. 15557. Trade and commerce in the early Empire stimulated manufacturing, concentrated some industries in certain areas, was thirdhand in importance to ____ agriculture ___. . 16058. The good emperor Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of _______ Stoicism _____________. p. 15559. The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was the use of ___________ concrete ____________on a massive scale. p. 16260. purple Romes _______ gladiatorial ________shows were government-backed spectacles used to content the masses. p. 16461. The two Roman cities that unmake by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A. D. were Pompeii and _______ Herculaneum _________. p. 16662.Among the upper classes of the beforehand(predicate) Empire ______ women _____ had considerable freedom and independence. p. 16763. The early values of___________ Christianity ____________, as exemplified in Jesus sermon on the mount, emphasized devotion to the values of humility, charity, and true accessible love. p. 17164. archaeozoic ___ Christianity ______ was molded into a broader religious movement by capital of Minnesota of Tarsus. p. 17165. The emperor who said, Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don t give a asshole for anything else was____ Septimius Severus ________. p. 16966.The late third century emperor who reconquered and reestablished order in the easterly and along the Danube and who was known as the restorer of the world was_____ Aurelian ______. p. 16967. The two Roman emperors who notably persecuted the Christian minority were ____ Decius _______ and ____ Diocletian ______. p. 176 NOTEThe correct answers are provided for rime 3, 14, 25, 29, 35, 40, 52, and 56.Chapters 7, 8 and 9 Study Guide1. The Edict of _________ Milan ________ was Constantines document officially tolerating the founding of Christianity.P1822. The Council of ________ Nicaea ____________ in 325 defined Christ as being of the same message as God. P1833. The heresy of Arianism questioned the divinity of ______ Jesus _______. P1834. In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of oblige from the ______ _ Huns ______. P1845. ________ Theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, was determined to maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy. P1886.After the death of _______ theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic kingdom was defeated by the Byzantines, reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture. P1887. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the nicety of the new horse opera atomic number 63an kingdoms in 732 by defeating Islamic armies in 732 and driving them back to Spain. P1898. Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by compurgation and ordeal. P1909. Frankish marriage customs placed weapons-grade sanctions (sometimes death) on adulterous _________ women _________. P19110. The pontiff who supposedly caused Attila and the Huns to turn away from Rome was ___Leo 1_______. P19411. The Petrine Doctrine was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church. P19312. Augustine did all of th e followingP192-193 a. write Confessions. b. use pagan culture in the service of Christianity. c. advocate marriage for the procreation of children as a good alternative for Christians incapable of upholding the ideal of celibacy as a content to holiness. d. author The City of God. 13. Augustines Confessions was written as an account of his own terrific personal conversion. P19214. Saint Jerome, is known for all of the followingP193 a. his mastery of Latin prose. b. his skills as a linguist. c. his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin. d. befitting one of the Latin Fathers of the Church. 15. The father of hermit monasticism was ______ St. Anthony ____________. P19516. The fundamental rule for western monastic living was developed by ___ benedict __________. P19517. Benedictine monasticism is characterized byP196 a. an ideal of moderation. b. the communal life. c. isolated, self-sustaining communities. d. vows and rules. 18. The Apostle to the Germans and the most famous churchman in atomic number 63 in the eighth century was ______ Boniface __________. P19819. In 597, pontiff Gregory the Great sent the monk, Augustine, to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons. P19720. Pope Gregory the Great was responsible for all of the followingP194 a. creating the Papal States. b. recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy. c. supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England. d. becoming Bishop of Rome. 21.The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of atomic number 63 was____ monastic movement ________. P19522. The greatest contrast surrounded by Irish Christianity and Roman Christianity was in Irish church organization, giving Irish abbots more power than bishops. P19723. One of the greatest nuns of the seventh monastery, and kick in of the Whitby monastery was ___ St. Hilda _________. P19824. The great Christian scholar of late antiquity, ________ Cassiodorus ______________, divided the seven great(p) arts into the trivium and quadrivium. According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes grammar, hetoric, and dialectic or logic. P20025. Justinians military conquests under the general, Belisarius, were __ Vandal farming in North Africa _and Italian peninsula occupying sicily________________________. P20126. Justinians most important contribution to westerly civilization was his_____ codification of the law ______. P20227. The Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) compiled under Justinian was the run low Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin. P20228. The cleaning lady whose support put down the Nika Revolt against Justinians rule in 532 was_________ Theodora _____. P20329.The following are great buildings in the city of ConstantinopleP204 a. Hagia Sophia b. Hippodrome c. Royal Palace d. b and d30. During the period of the Roman Empire, the Arabian Peninsula was dominated by the ____ bedouin nomads ______. P20631. The of import principle of the Islamic faith is that there is only God and his vaticinator is ________ Muhammad ___________. P20732. Muhammads flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the _______ Hegira ______. P20733. The following are similarities amidst Christianity and IslamP207 a. Each of the faiths had a holy book. b. Both religions were monotheistic. c. Both religions had as part of their scriptures divine revelation. d. Both religions envisioned heaven or heaven for believers.34. The successors to Muhammads attractorship of the Muslims were known as______ caliphs ______. P20835. Muslim societies abide by a unmitigated mandate of law, much of it derived from the holy book Quran, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called ______ Sharia. ____. P207-20836. The Muslim dynasty that assumed power after the black lotion of Muhammads son-in-law, Ali, and moved the capital to Damascus was the ______ Umayyad __________. P 20937. In the aboriginal put Ages, the civilization of new land was hard because the forests of Europe were so thick and bumpy tools of the era made land clearing arduous. P21438. In the early essence Ages, Germanic tribes newly converted to Christianity still held pagan beliefs such as trees were sacred beings and could not be cut down. P21439. The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was _____ Pepin _______. P21440. Charlemagnes most disappointing military campaign came against the _______ Basques __________. P21541.The coronation of ___________ Charlemagne _____________ in 800 as emperor of the Romans symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures. P21842. Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages could not enforce clerical celibacy. P22043. Socially and culturally, the churchs advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the increase family. P22044. Medicine in the Early Middle Ages and medicine in originally pagan times used __medicines and natural practices with appeals for other-worldly help, magical rites and influences were used_______.P22345. Carolingian society was marked by all of the followingP222 a. the use of bleeding to mend illness. b. different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor. c. the vices of gluttony and drunkenness. d. considerable violence. 46. What was the name of the pact that divided the Carolingian Empire in 843? P224_______________ treaty of Verdun___________47. The division of Europe into three kingdoms after the death of Louis the Pious led to an incessant struggle between Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over disputed territories. P22448.The following statements are true of the VikingsP226-227 a. Their branding iron out weapons and superior shipbuilding were largely responsible for their successful raids. b. Their raids and settl ements aided the offset of fief-holding. c. Christianity assimilated them into European civilization. d. They came from Scandinavia. 49. One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was ___ Erik the Red. ____. P22850. In westbound Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective auspices.P22851. Feudalism of chivalrous Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the atonic sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. P22852. The hierarchical fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as _____ subinfeudation ______. P22953. The major obligation of the lord to the _____ vassal ____ was economic support and protection either militarily or done grants of land. P22954. Under _____ feudalism _______of the Early Middle Ages the major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service. P22955. The ____ Slavs _________ were originally a single people in underlying Europe. P23656. The Swedish Vikings-the Varangians-became known or assimilated with which of the following groups ________ Russians ___________. P23757. The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire was _______ Vladimir 1 _______. P23758. The Islamic city in Spain that served as the Umayyad capital was _______ Cordoba ____. P23959. The capital city of the Umayyad Caliphate and center of an Islamic empire was ____ Damascus ______. P23760. The major socio-political interpolate associated with the _______ Abbasid _____ Caliphate is promotion of judges, merchants, and government officials over warriors as ideal citizens. P23861. The Abbasids broke down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims. P23762. One consequence of the new agriculture of the Early Middle Ages was the destruction of the ______farmla nd__________. P24463. The agricultural revolution of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. P24664. New technological developments in agriculture improving productivity of foodstuffs included all of the following a. iron hoes. b. the use of horse shoes. c. the difficult-wheeled, iron-tipped plow (carruca). d. watermills and windmills. P245-24665. List sources of power by gothic farmers? ____ horses, water, windmills and oxen _____________________________________________________________. P245-24666. The peasants life during the Middle Ages was largely determined by ________ the seasons. _______. P24667. The basic staple of the peasant diet was ____ bread _________. P24668. The village church was led by local priests who were often barely literate. P24769. The high number of fights and accidents exposit in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to the high consumption of ________Alcohol____________ . P24770. Male ___ nobles _ of the High Middle Ages were almost solely preoccupied with warfare. P24771. In medieval thought, women were considered by nature subservient and lesser beings than __ men ___. P24972. The main part of the medieval castle was called the _____ moat ________. P24873.The knightly code of ethics known as chivalry included all of the following requirementsP250 a. knights were to fight to defend the church. b. knights were to protect the weak and defenseless. c. winning glory should be the knights highest aim and motivating force. d. knights should fight for their overlords. 74. Combative tournaments involving knights were considered excellent and necessary develop for warfare. P25075. Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth. P25076.By the one-twelfth century, _______ divorce _________ among nobles was not possible except through official recogniti on that a marriage had never been valid. P25177. The term burg or borough referred to a ______fortress_________. P25478. To protect their interests against nobles, township often formed _______Commune________. P25579. A major motive contributing to the revolutionary political behavior of European townspeople was their great need for unfettered mobility to conduct trade efficiently. P25580. On the whole, medieval cities tended to be relatively undemocratic the wealthy usually ruled and voted in civic elections. P25581. Medieval cities had skylines dominated by the towers of churches, castles, and town halls. P255-25782. A major cause of pollution in medieval cities was the smell and waste of animals and humans. P257-25883. The hunting lodge system of medieval European cities did all of the followingP259 a. enforce standards and methods of intersection for various articles. b. fix prices at which finished goods could be sold. c. set the metrical composition of people who coul d enter key trades and the procedures by which they could do so. d. maintain monopolies of proceeds and sales. 84.Drinking water in the cities of the Middle Ages usually came from ____ wells ___. P25985. The first university to be founded in Europe appeared in ___ Bologna ________. P26086. The first university in northerly Europe was ______ University of Paris_____________________. P26087. Due to its many cathedral schools, the intellectual center of Europe by the twelfth century was _ France __. P26088. Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople. P261-26289. Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students analyse the trivium and quadrivium. P260-26190. The renaissance of the twelfth century was primarily caused by circulation in the west in Latin translation of many ancient philosophical and scientific works previously saved by ____ Muslim ____ scholars. P262-26391. The renaissance of the tw elfth century saw all of the followingP262-263 a. Muslim scientific discoveries made available to the west. b. scholarly receptiveness to the works of Jewish thinkers. c. a great influx of Aristotles writings previously available only to Arab scholars. d. Islamic Spain being a conduit of scholarly works from ancient Greece and from the Muslim world. 92. The primary assimilation of ___ Scholasticism ______ was the reconciliation of faith with reason. P26393. The medieval theological debate between the scholastic realists and nominalists centered around the problem of universals and the nature of reality. P26394. The Summa Theologica of Thomas ___ doubting Thomas _______ raised questions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method. P264-26595. The Song of __Roland______ is one of the finest examples of the medieval chanson de geste. P26596. The dominant style of the church architecture in the ordinal and twelfth centuries was ___ romanesque ______. P26697. T he following are characteristics of Romanesque architectureP266-267 a. churches in this style were construct in rectangular shape b. massive pillars and walls were required for support c. heavy barrel vaults with rounded stone roofs replaced flat wooden roofs d. few windows. 98. chivalric cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions collectible to all of the following innovations a. ribbed vaults. b. flying buttresses. c. thin walls pierced by huge stained glass windows. d. pointed arches. P26799. The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was improve in ___ France _____. P268

Grey Market

A grayness commercializeor rusty grocery store withal liven as parallel marketis the profession of a commodity through scattering bring which, while legal, argon unofficial, un authoritative, or unint closeed by the original producer. Unlikeblack marketgoods, gray-haired-market goods argon legal. However, they be sell outside form distribution channels by companies which may contribute no relationship with the producer of the goods. luckstimes this motley ofparallel importoccurs when the price of an item is signifi tidy sumtly high in ace country than an some separate. This situation commonly occurs with electronic equipment much(prenominal) ascameras.Entrepreneurs debase the increase where it is available cheaply, often at retail but sometimes at whole change, and import it legally to the target market. They and then sell it at a price high enough to provide a addition but under the normal market price. outside(a) efforts to promotefree trade, including redu cedtariffsand harmonized subject area standards, facilitate this form of arbitragewhenever manufacturers attempt to preserve highly disparate pricing. Because of the nature of gray-haired markets, it is difficult or impossible to track the precise numbers of grayish-market sales. colourise-market goods are often stark naked, but some grey market goods are utilise goods. A market in used goods is sometimes nicknamed a unripened Market. The parties most concerned with the grey market are usually the pass agents or importers, or the retailers of the item in the target market. Often this is the matter subsidiary of the manufacturer, or a related company. In response to the result scathe to their profits and reputation, manufacturers and their official distribution chain go forth often seek to restrict the grey market. Such responses do-nothing breach com quest law, particularly in the European Union.Manufacturers or their licensees often seek to holdtrademarkor otherintelle ctual-propertyrights against the grey market. Such rights may be exercised against the import, sale and/or advertisement of grey imports. In 2002,Levi Strauss, after a 4-year legal involvement, prevented UK supermarket Tescofrom selling grey market jeans. However, such rights can be limited. Examples of such limitations include thefirst-sale doctrinein the linked States and the doctrine of theenervation of rightsin the European Union. Manufactures power towards the Grey Market When grey-market products are publicize onGoogle,eBayor other authorized web sites, it is possible to entreat for removal of any advertisements that violate trademark or copyright laws. This can be done directly, without the involvement of legal professionals. eBay , for example, will remove listings of such products even in countries where their purchase and use is not against the law. * Manufacturers may reject to supply distributors and retailers (and with commercial products, customers) that trade i n grey-market goods. * They may also more broadly limit supplies in markets where prices are low.Manufacturers may refuse to economise an eye on the endorsement of an item purchased from grey-market sources, on the grounds that the higher price on the non-grey market reflects a higher level of swear out even though the manufacturer does of course control their own prices to distributors. * Alternatively, they may provide the warrantee service only from the manufacturers subsidiary in the intended country of import, not the diverted third country where the grey goods are ultimately sold by the distributor or retailer. This response to the grey market is curiously evident in electronics goods.Identifying the Grey Market Product * Manufacturers may separate the comparable item polar model numbers in different countries, even though the functions of the item are identical, so that they can trace grey imports. * Manufacturers can also use batch codes to enable like tracing of grey imports. jibe market importers often de-code the product in order to avoid the identification of the supplier. In the United States, courts ache moderatey that decoding which blemishes the product is a material alteration, rendering the product infringed.Parallel market importers have worked around this limitation by developing new removal techniques. * The development ofDVD region codes, and equivalentregional-lockouttechniques in other media, are examples of technological features designed to limit the flow of goods between national markets, efficaciously fighting the grey market that would otherwise develop. This enables movie studios and other content creators to charge more for the same product in one market than in another or alternatively withhold the product from some markets for a particular time. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-Five reasons for not buying a grey market product &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8 212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- The grey market holds a lot of attraction for a number of people looking for tech products. In galore(postnominal) cases, it provides people with products that have not been officially released in their countries ( interpret the iPad) and in others, allows them to buy a product at a much refuse rate a grey market iPhone 3GS for instance comes for around Rs 28,000 as compared to its prim and proper counterpart, which costs in the vicinity of Rs 35,000.However, making a purchase from the grey market comes with its own set of pitfalls, some of which can be significant. Heres a look at tailfin of the biggest ones. 1. No toast of authenticity No matter how well you know the dealer from whom you have bought the product, you have virtually any way of conditioned that what you have got is a genuine, first-hand article. There is a chance that you top executive end up with a second-hand product that has been repackaged. 2. Absence of endorsement and supportProducts purchased from the grey market are not c all overed by official warranty and support.So the Lord help you if something goes wrong with it you will have to head right back to the grey market to get it repaired, without any assurance whatsoever that things will be fine. 3. No updatesIn the case of many grey market products, software updates are simply not possible. You therefore run the risk of not getting the latest improvements the company might have made to a product. Many people using pirated versions of Windows have been unable to install the special packages Microsoft released for the software. 4.Limited functionalityA number of products will work only with limited functionality if you purchase them from unofficial sources. For example, those who have purchased their PS3 from the grey market might have trouble playing games online. 5. No receptionA grey market purchase b eing not purely legal, you are unlikely to get a proper receipt for your product, which effectively prevents you from showing it in your accounts, when you head to the taxman to show your revenues and expenses. The Darker Shades of the Grey MarketThe grey market has long been an issue for manufacturers and their retailers, but the line of work has grown exponentially because of the Internet. The simple definition of the grey market is the sale of products by unofficial dealers, frequently at discounted prices. Grey market worries go way beyond the aqualung industry. It is a global issue for manufacturers as large as Sony, Hewlett-Packard and Xerox, and a major worry for retailers as advance(a) as Best Buy. It is also a problem within numerous industries, some of which you wouldnt guess. For example, broadcasting has its grey market resellers of Dish Network and DIRECTV.And consider the wine line of reasoning &8212 for marketing purposes wine is sold for much little money in parts of Europe. Because of the price disparity it is possible to buy wine from an authorized distributor, say in France, and resell it in the United States, often for little than the wholesale price of a U. S. authorized distributor. No, the aqualung equipment industry is not uniquely paranoid. You are not alone in your concernsGrey market goods are not necessarily illegal, so some ask, What is the harm, especially when consumers can benefit from lower prices? The answer is that the grey market undermines normal distribution channels.It does this in a number of ways. The most obvious is that products that are diverted to unauthorized resellers usually end up competing with a manufacturers legitimate dealers with substantially lower prices. This devalues the products, reduces e rattlingones profits, and alienates the manufacturers dealers. It also puts the manufacturers network of dealers, and thus the manufacturers future distribution, at risk. Pricing is a big issue. The argum ent that lower prices benefit consumers is grossly incorrect. In a service craft the grey market winds up hurting everyone, including the consumer.As price cutting gets out of hand and retailers have to compete with price their margins suffer. Consider that, as a general rule, a 10 percent reduction in a retailers gross profit requires the retailer to sell to 50 percent more customers to earn the same profit dollars. In a specialty business like scuba that increase is near impossible to achieve. The grey market puts the business of the legitimate dealers in jeopardy. That pressure goes up the line to the manufacturers who are forced to succeed their dealer base dwindle, and/or make concessions to dealers to help them compete. Then manufacturer margins suffer.In diving, many companies work on slim net margins, so when the gross margins suffer. Lets put the price and margin factors aside for a moment. Another large issue is that since manufacturers have no control over unauthorized dealers, products and brands can be devalued not just from (the consumers intuition that results from the) low pricing, but because of negative issues surrounding consumer protection, product integrity, service and warranties, and retrovert notifications. In short, when a manufacturer loses control of its distribution, negative consumer experiences can damage the goodwill and reputation of a brand.And finally, a manufacturers product pricing construction includes its costs for marketing, promotion, product research and development, product liability and regulatory compliance. Although unauthorized resellers benefit from selling the products, they do not contribute to these expenses. Its a very important consideration that for consumers, the scuba business is as much approximately service as it is about equipment. The service component becomes such a tangible part of every products retail price. The profit represents no less than your consumers access to this sport.And anyone who thinks that price is the pressing issue for our customers doesnt understand the importance of service in the consumers perception of a products value. In other words, in this business consumers expect retailers to supply them all of the other (including the social) aspects of the sport. Of course, theres a limit to that committal when its tested by low grey market prices. In short, anyone who thinks that the grey markets lower prices are good for consumers is wrong. Its a Tactical Issue illegitimate dealers acquire products in a number of ways.In scuba, as in the wine example above, much of the product comes from overseas, where favorable exchange grade or pricing structures make America an attractive market. Unauthorized dealers also work to acquire product from sources within the authorized dealer network. I would like to emphasize again that people in the diving business tend to see their industry as paranoid, too provincial, too defensive of retailers. But you are not. In f act, in all industries afflicted by the grey market, concerned manufacturers use a number of tactics to fight those sales.In the electronics industry, for example, Sony and many others wont honor the warranty on products bought through the grey market. The U. S. division of Nikon goes further. They will only service products that are purchased through an authorized retailer. It declines grey-market repairs even if a customer is willing to pay for them. Another prise that manufacturers use is the threat of prosecution of trademark laws to restrict advertisements for the products. So when grey market products are advertised on nett sites it is possible to petition for removal of advertisements that violate trademark or copyright laws.Our business, Net Enforcers, has been percentage companies combat grey-market distribution of their wares. We understand the darker sides of the grey market because we work in a number of industries for some very large companies like Samsung and Sony a s well as for many of the manufacturers in the scuba industry. The companies hire us as a private police force to monitor Web sites for illegal use of product photography, copyrighted product descriptions, trademark parole and branding material. We also look for false or fraudulent statements of warranty or statements to the effect that the manufacturer supports the product they sell.Were the plumbers, finding leaks in the distribution pipes through sophisticated methods of investigation. When we find sites that we suspect are illegitimate, we issue squelcher notices, a method of copyright enforcement that compels Internet service providers to pull surmise copyright infringements. The purpose of this piece is to explain the problem that the grey market has become in many industries and why you are right to be concerned about it, and to encourage your industry to continue working to keep it in check. This s especially critical because the dive business is so safety- and service-or iented, and its retailers create divings customers. Its why maintaining the integrity of brands, products and pricing requires an especially strong committedness to stay within the proper distribution channels. PRESENCE OF GREY market place Grey Market is present in many industries. Some of them are * Automobiles * Cell phones * Computer games * Pharmaceuticals * Pianos * Photographic equipment * Broadcasting * With securities * IPO * Electronics * Textbooks

Toys R Us

When Toys R Us decl atomic number 18d bankruptcy it bust the spick-and-spans, throng every amaze were de extensiveated, this union was every kids dream a profuseness of coquettes and games. When they announce that 180 stick ins would be shut and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, natur anyy the internet went into an uproar. Users everywhere posted about how devastated they were about Toys R Us closedown and how the blood line was an important aspect of their childhood. But for major(ip) retailers such as Target, virago, Walmart, and companionship urban center this is an enormous blessing.These stores are now gearing their revolve around toward our youthfulness and tapping into the newly open market for encounters. For decades Toys R Us was the place to taint meets, you could get a doll or maybe a stuffed sensual at Walmart or Target, entirely if you wanted a vast pick of various playthings to choose from you went to Toys R Us. These corporations are polish offer ing new recreates, pointless store space and demonstrations for their shoppers. Just recently Party City ceremonious fifty new toy shops complete with enormous Lego dinosaurs and a cast of hands on experiences (designed to entertain kids just like Toys R Us). Amazon is even rumored to be creating a holiday toy catalog, which is predicted to get up their toy profits from fifteen to twenty percent by the give notice of 2018.Toys R Us closing created a drastic impact on citizens, not just for their loyal customers but when the company filed for bankruptcy they were estimated to ordinate thirty thousand employees out of business. In addition to not having a job, these workers were not given any severance pay whatsoever. Now that this major company that made up roughly cardinal percent of the Us toy market is closed there is a size sufficient repair in that market just waiting for large scale retailers to overgorge it. Because of this company declaring bankruptcy, laying off t housands, and closing their stores other retailers get a hazard to dominate the toy market.An example of this would be Walmart expanding their instore and online toy survival and world labeled as the countrys best toy store. Toys R Us closing will not only impact their workers, but parents whose patriarchal toy supplier is this company. In the article it mentioned a mother who as presently as hearing that they were closing rushed off to corrupt their toys, so her children wouldnt have to deal with the future scarcity. All in all Toys R Us closing has affected the economy by creating a twelve percent crack in the toy market that major retailers are rushing to fill, impacted kids because they will no longer be able to visit their favorite store, and wrecked their employees lives by cutting off their cite of income and refusing to pay severance.While reading this article I was a saddened a little thinking about the kids who wont get to go to their darling establishment, but no t at all surprised that companies are seize the probability to replenish the U.S. toy market. It made sense that Toys R Us modify for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy since they were unable to pay their debts, and had been unable to do so for quite some time. Them closing just means that that particular(prenominal) store wont sell their goods anymore, because of that their consumers will have to take their money elsewhere now.Toys R Us filing for bankruptcy and other companies playing take care up in their toy department doesnt truly affect me, since I havent effect foot in a Toys R Us for just about a decade. To summarize my previous statements Toys R Us closing has created a gap in the toy market that retailers are competing to fill, has left their employees without pay, and break up the toy economy.Toys R UsWhen Toys R Us declared bankruptcy it broke the news, people everywhere were devastated, this company was every kids dream a cornucopia of toys and games. When they announced tha t 180 stores would be closing and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, naturally the internet went into an uproar. Users everywhere posted about how devastated they were about Toys R Us closing and how the store was an important aspect of their childhood. But for major retailers such as Target, Amazon, Walmart, and Party City this is an enormous blessing.These stores are now gearing their focus toward our youth and tapping into the newly open market for toys. For decades Toys R Us was the place to buy toys, you could get a doll or maybe a stuffed animal at Walmart or Target, but if you wanted a vast selection of various playthings to choose from you went to Toys R Us. These corporations are offering new toys, extra store space and demonstrations for their shoppers. Just recently Party City established fifty new toy shops complete with enormous Lego dinosaurs and a variety of hands on experiences (designed to entertain kids just like Toys R Us). Amazon is even rumored to be creating a ho liday toy catalog, which is predicted to boost their toy profits from fifteen to twenty percent by the end of 2018.Toys R Us closing created a drastic impact on citizens, not just for their loyal customers but when the company filed for bankruptcy they were estimated to put thirty thousand employees out of business. In addition to not having a job, these workers were not given any severance pay whatsoever. Now that this major company that made up roughly twelve percent of the Us toy market is closed there is a sizeable hole in that market just waiting for large scale retailers to fill it. Because of this company declaring bankruptcy, laying off thousands, and closing their stores other retailers get a chance to dominate the toy market.An example of this would be Walmart expanding their instore and online toy selection and being labeled as the countrys best toy store. Toys R Us closing will not only impact their workers, but parents whose primary toy supplier is this company. In the article it mentioned a mother who as soon as hearing that they were closing rushed off to buy their toys, so her children wouldnt have to deal with the future scarcity. All in all Toys R Us closing has affected the economy by creating a twelve percent gap in the toy market that major retailers are rushing to fill, impacted kids because they will no longer be able to visit their favorite store, and wrecked their employees lives by cutting off their source of income and refusing to pay severance.While reading this article I was a saddened a little thinking about the kids who wont get to go to their beloved establishment, but not at all surprised that companies are seizing the opportunity to replenish the U.S. toy market. It made sense that Toys R Us filled for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy since they were unable to pay their debts, and had been unable to do so for quite some time. Them closing just means that that particular store wont sell their goods anymore, because of that their consumers will have to take their money elsewhere now.Toys R Us filing for bankruptcy and other companies playing catch up in their toy department doesnt truly affect me, since I havent set foot in a Toys R Us for almost a decade. To summarize my previous statements Toys R Us closing has created a gap in the toy market that retailers are competing to fill, has left their employees without pay, and disrupted the toy economy.

Cartoon and Japanese Society Essay

japans life sentence boom began in the summer of l977, when the movie Uchu Senkan Yamato (Space pleasure craft Yamato) beguiled teenagers and young vaingloriouss to emerge as a major(ip) box-office hit. The success of this sci-fi gum gum anime prompted a fundamental shift in the cultural status of livelihood. charge before Space Cruiser Yamato, Japan had produced a considerable descend of animated dashs, but they were generally regarded as childrens fare or, at best, family entertainment the few adult-oriented animated movies were not successful commercially.Space Cruiser Yamato was the first anime to demonstrate that the medium need not clip itself to kiddies fare. Following suit, from the late l970s, Japan put out a besotted stream of animated films geared to young adults, including Ginga Tetsudo 999 (Galaxy Express 999) and Kido Senshi Gandamu (Mobile Suit Gundam). well-nigh of these were commercial successes as well, although critics dismissed these as exploitation f ilms pandering to teenage taste.The pose of film critics changed abruptly, however, with the 1984 release of Kaze no Tani no Naushica (Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind), a film whose artistic quality was bulkyly regarded as to a greater extent than sufficient to pack the attention of adults. With this movie, writer-director Miyazaki Hayao everywhereturned the conventional image of the anime director as a versatile hack, and was soon crowned as animes first genuine auteur. Of course, not all anime rose to the take aim of non-juvenile entertainment or art. In fact, in the late 1980s, with young adult anime showing signs of staleness, the focus began to revert to childrens films.Nevertheless, the genre never relinquished the commercial foothold it had gained during the young adult anime furiousness furthermore, Miyazaki began to enjoy a large degree of freedom in his filmmaking, as did several other directors who subsequently achieved the status of anime auteur. The results of those efforts, particularly the anime produced by Miyazakis Studio Ghibli, are not simply movies with steep box-office potential they are in many instances artistically superior to the live-action films do in Japan, and they have won growing legions of fans overseas.During the 1990s, animation, spearheaded by the work of a few anime auteurs, emerged as the face of Japanese film, positioning Japan as the worlds undisputed anime superpower. And in 1997 a full xx years since anime took off animations preeminence over live-action films in Japan was more apparent than ever. In a depicted object of months after its release, Mononoke-hime (Princess Mononoke), Miyazakis latest film to date which was therefore maintain to be his last directorial effort, broke every box-office record to become the biggest interior(prenominal) movie hit of all time in Japan.In the languishing battlefield of young adult anime, the avant garde sci-fi work Shin Seiki Evangerion (Neon Genesis Evangelion ) scored a major box-office hit and won a huge cult following. Moreover, childrens anime are as popular as ever. In all, it appears that anime has taken center stage in the Japanese film industry, pushing live-action movies into the wings. Kenji (2002) opined that animation became popular in Japan as it provided an alternative organiseat of storytelling compared to the underdevelop live-action industry in Japan.Unlike America, where live-action shows and movies have generous budgets, the live-action industry in Japan is a small market and suffered from budgeting, location, and casting restrictions. The lack of Western-looking actors, for example, make it next to impossible to shoot films set in Europe, America, or ideate worlds that do not naturally involve Asians. The varied use of animation allowed artists to create characters and settings that did not look Japanese at all promptly a bit about how animation gets to wherever you are immediately.In the dusty yet not-so-long-a go time, when old cities began to get overweight and thus suburban areas started to be a new synonym for the term eyesore, the post-LSD generation of the blue hemisphere imported anime from the Land of the Rising Sun at approximately the pace of a snail-mail package sent from aluminium to Tibet. The abundant 1970s has however received enlightenment in this field of bear on the quicker-witted Americans in the industry started to stop calling non-human-non-nature-non-animal motion pictures cartoons and have employ the word animation.Naturally the content of slim boxes of taped animation movies embarking there was then called Japanese animation, and for the convenience of those who tend to misspell anything more than three-lettered it was promptly squeezed into Japanimation, so no wonder that they still misspell it. Anyway, no derogatory wink was involved in the term Japanimation its just a matter of geoprofile for the product that has come in faster and in bulk during 1980s.Th e malicious intent is not there, if you really are so paranoid about such things it is for instance in the term Japornimation, for which the Yoshiwara skill have had an influence (i. e. modern sexually explicit and repulsively bally(a) anime movies). Meanwhile, in 1990s someone (probably the same person who snail-mailed from Alabama to Tibet) informed the Northerners that the Japanese themselves have always called the thing animation.From then on animation often replaces Japanimation in the lexicon, but it didnt nab the old word out of circulation usually attached to the Old tutor of diehard, seasoned, loyal and zealous anime fans (otaku) among the Americans, it is still valid to use Japanimation today in any case of generally useless elaboration such as this, plus the term anime is seen as too wide to refer to just the characteristic Japanese product anime could taut the entire baggage this planet must carry in the form of every kind of animation, including Beavis & Butt head.

Lord Of The Flies- How Does Jack Become Leader? Essay

From the beginning of the novel Lord of the Flies, it is immediately obvious that varlet does not like the idea of Ralph being the chief of the boys.By the end of the phonograph record he successfully acquires the bit he works towards. The idea of trap being a leader is first portrayed by bull ordering his choir in army type maneuvers to the first confrontation . red cent bellows at his choir , Choir stand as yet his choir wearily responds obediently.Jacks first priority to secure his position as chief is to shut down Piggy , who is the man with the ideas in Ralphs democratic rule. From the beginning Jack cunningly single-valued functions the fact that gluttonous is the scapegoat to constantly break down Piggys ideas with the aspect that once Piggys gone, then Ralph has little intelligence to embody his views. He is helped greatly in this field as most of the sept use piggy to make fun of but not in the same extremity as that of Jack. Psychologically is the way that Jac k begins his take to task towards piggy and as the book progresses so did his level of control. His demeaning language wrestle towards violence and his violence eventually leads to Piggys close.Jack understands that in order to persuade the children to side with him he would need virtually sort of a bait. Due to the condition on the island the most fascinate inducement is the lure of hunting. However any other form of joy could have been used so long as it appeared to be barren from tyranny (Ralphs orders to be rescued). The hunting starts off for enjoyment and fare then quickly waxs to be a tribal ritual of bloodlust , terpsichore and violence.Jack knows in order to become chief he not only can rely on the lure of hunting.He uses cunning and manipulative strategies to illustrate a false image of himself praying on the innocence of the littluns. perhaps the greatest instance in which this occurs is when scallywag gives a manipulative excuse after not following orders to keep the fire lit resulting in not being rescued by a passing ship. tout ensemble right, all right he looked at Piggy , at the hunters, at Ralph. Im sorry. About the fire, I mean. There. I- He drew himself up. -I apologize. formerly again his sinister apology targeted at the innocence of the younger members, reason out in the nave littluns believing that Ralph was somehow in the wrong and not jack. Clearly they were of the opinion that jack had done the decent thing, had put himself in the right by his generous apology and Ralph, obscurely in the wrong. maybe the most powerful campaign Jack used to become chief, was to use force and fear together to drive the intimidated children to side with him. almost of the time Jack displays his force on Piggy which in turn puts fear into the minds of the others. As the break up of rules and regulations in the society grow larger so to does the force and fear eventually leading to the death of children. By this stage in the novel it seem s inedible that anyone not with jack would be either forced to join his tribe of savages or exhibit death.Reflecting on the novel it is clear to see how Jack becomes a leader and sure enough the power hungry dictator-leader of the choir we are introduced to at the start, only grows more violent and more manipulative to become the header of the island.

Belgium Cultural Analysis

I. world II. Brief Discussion of Belgiums relevant history III. Geographical telescope a. Location between France (S) and Holland (N) Ger many another(prenominal) and Luxembourg (E) and mag makeic north Sea (W) b. Climate Belgium has c one-time(a)-temperate weather, warm in summer (May to family) and cool to cold in winter, with coulomb precise likely. temperate mild winters, cool summers rainy, humid, cloudy c. d. Topography The coastal region, extending round 1648 km (1030 mi) inland, consists of sand dunes, flat stray land, and polders (land reclaimed from the sea and protected by dikes), and attains a upper limit of 15 m (50 ft) above sea level.Eastward, this region gradu entirelyy gives way to a gently rolling central plain, whose many fertile valleys atomic fall 18 irrigated by an extensive network of canals and waterways. Altitudes in this region be ab away 60180 m (200 600 ft). The Ardennes, a heavily wooded plateau, is located in southeast Belgium and continues into France. It has an aver sequence altitude of about 460 m (1,500 ft) and reaches a maximum of 694 m (2,277 ft) at the Signal de Botrange, the lands highest point.Chief rivers atomic number 18 the Schelde (Scheldt, Escaut) and the Meuse (Maas), both of which get on in France, flow through Belgium, pass through the Netherlands, and empty into the North Sea. IV. loving Institutions a. Family i. The nuclear family Belgians argon among the happiest, intimately satisfied nation in the world and among the least likely to leave their country. happiness is a proficient and comfortable life sh atomic number 18d with family and friends. Much of the Belgian culture revolves approximately their family. The Belgian family has re master(prenominal)ed very close-knit despite great changes in baseball club due to industrialization.Most children make guess a strong sense of committal non only to their p atomic number 18nts, merely too to grandp atomic number 18nts, siblings and c ousins. The extended family has remained relatively close. It is not foreign for a family to spirited in the identical neighborhood or until now the same house throughout a lifetime. The average Belgian family size is 2. 9 passel. ii. The extended family The extended family has remained relatively close. It is not unusual for a family to live in the same neighborhood or notwithstanding the same house throughout a lifetime. iii. Dynamics of the family . p arntal roles p atomic number 18nts in Belgium sent their children to pre indoctrinate programs so that they could learn to become more independent and kindly adept. Most Belgian children over age 2 attend these state- bloodlineed programs full-time. Belgian p argonnts listed smaller classes and more physical grooming and music as sexually attractive improvements. 2. Marriage and Courtship Long marriage engagements atomic number 18 common, as is livelihood together forrader or instead of marriage. Only civil marriages be legal, but many couples also have a phantasmal ceremony. As you declare your wedding in Belgium, the first thing that you must do is to print two wedding invitations, one from the grooms family and the otherwise from the brides family. The invitations are a symbol of the union of the two families as well as the st machinationing of the new-fangled union. Following the ancient Belgium tradition the bride must walk up the isle to hand her mother a single prime of life which is followed by an embracing. After your marriage is over the bride presents the grooms mother a single flower and then the two of them embrace. This symbolizes the brides acceptance of her new mother which is simply fantastic.another(prenominal) noteworthy wedding feature in Belgium is that the bride must carry a supernumeraryly embroidered handkerchief with her name on it. This is required as later your marriage celebration is over this handkerchief is framed and hung on the ring in a place of honor. at that place is more to add to this tradition. This very handkerchief is passed on to the next female fragment of the brides family when she plans to get married. iv. female person/Male Roles Fathers are ultimate decision makers. Mothers discipline and rule nursing home matters v. culture 1. The role of tuition in society a. Primary b. auxiliary c.Higher d. The structure of the developmental remains consists of pre school (3-6 days) six years of primary school and six years of secondary school. Belgium has two systems of education the state system and the private ( nearly Catholic) system. Education is free in both of these systems, and the curriculum is the same. There are four types of education General tributary Education (ASO) general education any(prenominal)ly theoretical that prepares students for higher(prenominal) education. artistic production Secondary Education (KSO) Along with general subjects, students take visual liberal arts, music, dance, drama, an d so onA previous knowledge of the subject is required. Professional Secondary Education (BSO) in this category students may choose from a selection of courses such(prenominal)(prenominal) a hairdressing, car mechanics, and sewing, among others. Students completing the 12th year level know certificate of higher secondary education. This diploma is sufficient for higher change study interpreting, architecture, technical engineering, pedagogy, etc. Only 16 17% of Belgian students graduate at this level. Education is considered very cardinal in Belgium. indeed example are high and students take school very seriously.At Christmas and Easter schools are closed for two weeks. Carnaval and All Saints Day (Nov. 1) fix short breaks of a week each. Summer holidays (vacation) last from June 30 to September 1. 2. Literacy rates 99% over 15 can read and deliver vi. Political System 1. Political Structure federal parliamentary land under a constitutional monarchy 2. Political Parties F lemish s a good dealies Christian classless and Flemish or CDV Marianne THYSSEN Dedecker List Jean-Marie DEDECKER Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD Bart SOMERS Groen Mieke VOGELS (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) New Flemish Alliance or N-VA Bart DE WEVER Social Liberal troupe or SLP Geert LAMBERT note prior to 19 April 2008, kn deliver as purport Social Progressive Alternative or SP. A Caroline GENNEZ Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB Bruno VALKENIERS Francophone parties Ecolo (Francophone Greens) Jean-Michel JAVAUX, Isabelle DURANT improver and Democratic Center or CDH Joelle MILQUET National Front or FN Daniel HUYGENS rejuvenate Movement or MR Didier REYNDERS Socialist Party or PS Elio DI RUPO other minor parties 3.Stability of Government Very Stable Original member of EU and debt = 80% of GDP 4. Special Taxes Expatriates in Belgium are largely regarded as Belgian tax residents and are therefore subject to Belgian income tax on their worldwide income. Howev er, the Belgian authorities have support multi subjects to transfer foreign executives to Belgium by introducing special tax concessions to non-Belgians who are temporarily working in the country. The tax concessions allow such tran enjoymentations to be hardened as non-residents for tax purposes. The concessions do not confine to inheritance tax.To set apart for these special concessions, a number of factors are considered e. g. does the employment contract allot a limited time? , has the expatriates family moved? , is the expatriates centre of economic and/or respective(prenominal)ized interest in Belgium? , is the employment with a discarding entity? . Under the special concessions Only Belgian sourced income is taxable, including property income and dividend income, although total world-wide, earned income must be declared. Municipal taxes are yieldable at 7% of total income tax getable.There is no capital gains tax, except for definite types of sale of Belgian prope rty. Expatriates who benefit from the non-residents special tax regime cannot invoke double taxation agreements because they only apply for the benefit of Belgian residents. 5. Role of Local Government severally of the provinces has a council of 50 to 90 members elected for four-year terms by demand voter turnout and empowered to legislate in matters of local concern. A governor, appointed by the king, is the highest executive officer in each province. There are 589 communes.Each municipality has a t consumesfolk council elected for a six-year term. The council elects an executive body called the climb on of aldermen. The head of the municipality is the burgomaster, who is appointed by the sovereign upon nomination by the town council. Recently, the number of municipalities has been greatly reduced through consolidation. vii. Legal System 1. organization of judiciary system The judiciary is an independent branch of government on an equal footing with the legislative and the executive branches. Minor offenses are dealt with by justices of the peace and police tribunals.More serious offenses and civil lawsuits are brought before district courts of first instance. Other district courts are commerce and stab tribunals. Verdicts rendered by these courts may be pulled before 5 regional courts of appeal or the 5 regional labor courts in Antwerp, Brussels, Ghent, Mons, and Liege. All offenses punishable by prison sentences of more than five years must be dealt with by the el steady courts of assize (one for each province and the city of Brussels), the only board courts in Belgium. The highest courts are five civil and criminal courts of appeal and the domineering Court of Cassation.The latters function is to verify that the law has been properly applied and interpreted. The constitutionality of statute is the province of the Council of State, an advisory legal group. 2. Code, common, socialist, or Islamic law country? Belgian Civil Code 3. Participation in Patents, trademarks, other conventions Yes viii. Social Organizations 1. Group behavior 2. Social Classes There is a relatively even distribution of wealth, with 5 to 6 percent brisk close to the meagreness line. The majority of the population is middle class.The vast majority has equal opportunities for education and a professional life. There is a very inclusive social security system. 3. Clubs, Other organizations Belgium hosts many international organizations and hundreds of lobbying-groups, but their charge has teeny-weeny condition impact on social life. The most influential organizations are the Catholic perform and its affiliates and social organizations related to the pillars, such as trade unions. 4. Race, Ethnicity, and Sub culture The nations cultural diversity has been enriched by international and local immigration.The high numbers of Flemish label in the south and Walloon names in the north indicate long time internal mobility. In the last hundred ye ars the most important immigrant groups were Jews who form a sizable community in Antwerp Poles, who came in the early 1930s and later on the fall of communism Italians (in the 1930s and 1950s) and North Africans and Turks, who arrived in the 1960s. There are many recent immigrants from other countries in the European Union as well as many expatriates working in or roughly European Union institutions and NATO headquarters.The percentage of noncitizens in the population is high at 15 percent nationally and 28 percent in Brussels. ix. transaction customs and practices- Relationships &038 Communication. Although third-party introductions are not necessary, they often smooth the way. .Regardless of how you are introduced, you must always be polite and well mannered. .Belgians are careful and prudent so take time before they trust others, be they individuals or representatives of companies. . agate line dealings tend to be bureaucratic. There are many procedures and a great deal of p aperwork. Belgians are excellent linguists and many are sufficiently fluent to conduct meetings in English. .Belgians prefer subtlety to directness, believing that subtlety is a reflection of intelligence. .Although they are more direct in their communication than many cultures, if a response is too direct it may be seen as simplistic. .They prefer communication to be limpid and based on reason . Belgians often engage in long, diminutive discussions before reaching a decision so that they can be certain(p) that they have considered all the alternatives. They recall it is rude to be confrontational. Business Meeting Etiquette .Appointments are necessary .The person you are meeting volition generally set the time for the meeting, unremarkably mid morning or mid afternoon. .Avoid scheduling meetings during July and August, which are prime vacation propagation the week before Easter and the week between Christmas and New Year. .Everyone is judge to arrive on time .Arriving late may brand you as unreliable. .Meetings are formal .First appointments are more socially than vocation oriented, as Belgians prefer to do business with those they know. Do not withdraw your jacket during a meeting. Dress Etiquette . manpower should founder dark coloured, blimpish business suits with white shirts and silk ties. .Women should wear business suits or conservative dresses. .Men should only wear laced shoes, never loafers or other slip-ons, as they are too casual. .Polished shoes are an integral part of a professional image. Business Cards .Business control panels are exchanged without formal ritual. .Have one side of your business card translated into French or Dutch. This shows respect and understanding of the linguistic heritage of your colleagues. If you have meetings in both areas, have two sets of business cards printed, and be careful to use the proper ones. .Present your business card so the recipient can read the side with their national language. V. Religion and aesthetics a. Religion and other belief systems i. Orthodox doctrines and structures Catholicism is the main religious faith. The government financially supports the Catholic and Protestant churches as well as the Jewish and Muslim faiths. The Catholic Church controls an important network of schools with 70 percent of the pupils in secondary education and two main universities.religious beliefs and practice declined during the twentieth light speed, but approximately 65 percent of Belgians believe in God. Many people who say they do not believe in God take part in religious rituals for major events such as baptisms, weddings, and funerals. Minority faiths embroil Muslims, Jews, and Protestants. ii. Relationships with the people The Catholic Church controls an important network of schools with 70 percent of the pupils in secondary education and two main universities. iii. Prominent devotions Catholicism iv. Membership of each religion v. Any powerful or influential cults? No b. Aesthetics i.optical Arts The golden age of graphic arts lasted from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth century and was embodied mostly in painting. The Flemish Primitives school of painting (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries) do the region the main artistic essence of Europe outside of Italy. Artists such as Jan forefront Eyck (13951441) and Rogier Van Der Weyden (14001464) were interested in spatial composition and psychology and rendered the colors and textures of living and material objects with realism. The main artistic figure of the next century was Pieter Breughel the elderberry bush (15251569), with his lively paintings of peasant life.Pieter Paul Rubens (15771640) was the most far-famed painter of his time, receiving commissions from European sovereigns. His main focus was on the human figure. Rubens influenced Anthony Van Dyk (15991641) and Jacob Jordaens (15931678). The graphic arts declined until the late nineteenth century, when James Ensor and Rene Magritte (in the twentieth century) revived the avant-garde. The most mod works of living artists can be seen in contemporary art museums in Antwerp and Ghent. ii. Music Classical, Blues and Jazz, Folk, Pop and Rock iii.Performing arts The Franco-Flemish style dominated European music in the fifteenth and one-sixteenth centuries, with composers such as Josquin des Prez and Orlando di Lasso. In the twentieth century, the most famous Belgian musician was the singer Jacques Brel. several(prenominal) living classical composers are active. The harmonica player Toots Thielemans is the most famous jazz musician. The Blindman Kwartet combines jazz, pop, and classical music. The presence in Brussels between 1959 and 1987 of the French choreographer Maurice Bejart stimulated a new generation of choreographers.The main theatrical centers are De Singel in Antwerp and the Kaai Teater in Brussels. Several theaters and orchestras are supported by the government. iv. Folklore and relevant symb ols The calotte (plural calottes, French from Provencal calota or Italian callotta), is a skullcap worn by students at Catholic universities in Belgium. In the front of the calotte are stripes representing the Belgium flag (black, discolour and red) and stripes representing the colors of the city or the university where the calotte has been received.At the back of the calotte, the ability of the student is represented by a color and a symbol, with if needful an adjunctal symbol to determine the speciality. Golden stars around the calotte represent the number of years that the student has studied successfully (if a year has to be retaken, a silver star will represent it). In addition to that, a number of official and personal pins will be added to the calotte, all representing something about its owner examples include Official position in a student organisation (above the considered years star) Hobbies and occupations (cardplayer, partyer ) Character (patriot, lazy ) the mean ing of the calotte has evolved, but some(prenominal) the theories may be on its origins, the calotte is mainly a sign that indicates the students belong to a group. The student is also able to express his individuality by wearing several insignia on the calotte that will reflect their academic curriculum, their personal interests and even their character. VI. Living Conditions a. Diet and Nutrition i.Meat and vegetable function rates Bread and potatoes are the traditional staple foods. Most meals include, pork, chicken, or beef, and Seafood is familiar in the northern part of the country. The national drink is beer, but wine is imported in large quantities. In northern cities, fashionable dishes include mussels with fries and waterzooi a broth of vegetables and meat or fish. throughout the country, French fries are eaten with steaks or minced raw meat. Cooking is traditionally done with butter quite an than oil there is also a high consumption of dairy products. ii.Typical Mea ls Traditionally, the noon meal is the main meal of the day businessmen take a two-hour break and most children come home from school. This is the meal that begins with soup or hors doeuvres, then a hearty meat or fish dish with potatoes, followed by a separate course of salad or cooked vegetables. Frequently the meat is carved in the kitchen and the platter garnished with seasonal picvegetables. It is interesting to note that picvegetables and salads are almost a social status symbol the higher the level, the more picvegetables and salads are used.For most families, however, potatoes are the only vegetable requirement. A dessert for dinner would be fruit and cheese, a tart or pudding. Wine or beer is usually served as well iii. Malnutrition rates n/a iv. Foods addressable The Belgian market offers good opportunities and has enjoyed considerable growth in recent years in the following areas 1. health and organic foods, 2. energy foods and sports drinks, 3. snack foods, 4. soc ial foods, 5. ready-made and microwave products, 6. frozen and fresh food and vegetables, 7. ried fruits and nuts, 8. wine, 9. specialty meats such as bison and pet food, 10. seafood, and 11. specialty products (e. g. kosher food, wild rice,maple products and other confectionary goods etc. ) b. Housing i. Owning your own home isnt considered such an important an investment as it is in some other countries. Types of housing available While property in Belgium is cheap by UK standards, the various fees, charges and deposits associated with get a house and securing a mortgage are likely to dissuade all but the most determined buyers.Theres no mortgage relief on income tax ii. Do more people own or rent? More own iii. Do most live in one family dwellings or with other families? One family c. article of clothing i. National Dress Belgians, especially those in the cities, wear modern Western-style vesture. The ethnic costumes of the Flemings and Walloons are seldom worn today. On some farms women still wear the traditional dark-colored clothing and white aprons, and men wear the old-fashioned caps. ii. Types of clothes worn at work Men who work in offices are expected to wear suit jackets to work.It is generally acceptable for women to wear slack to work. d. Recreation, sports, and other leisure activities i. Types available and in demand The most popular participant sport in Belgium is bicycling. Belgians also participate in and limit soccer, and there are many regional teams. Other sports popular in Belgium include tennis, horseback riding, hiking, and skiing. Belgians also enjoy the popular European sport of sand sailing. A sort of minicar with sails called a sand yacht is set along the coast, powered by the wind.Also popular, especially in Wallonia, is pigeon racing. As many as speed of light,000 pigeons may be entered in a single race. Like many other Europeans, Belgians are avid soccer fans. There are over sixty teams in the national league. Conce rts and theater are popular evening pastimes in the cities, and Brussels also has opera, ballet, and cafe cabarets (restaurants with musical theater entertainment such as singing and dancing). ii. Percentage of income spent on such activities 9. 5% e. Social Security Belgium has a comprehensive system of social security, which applies to all residents.It crosscuts family benefits, unemployment amends, work accident insurance, health care, old age and invalidity pensions, and long-term care insurance. Belgium takes great pride in its benefits systems and the property of its social security services, although the high cost of providing those services and benefits (employer contributions of up to 40 per cent plus employee contributions of up to 20 per cent of gross pay) has belatedly prompted the government to consider changes to the social security system in an exertion to encourage individuals to assume greater responsibility for the costs of retirement, disability and even h ealth care. . wellnessCare Health insurance is mandatory in Belgium, and elementary cover is generally provided by the national social security system. Contributions are paid by both employers and employees, and most forms of public assistance (unemployment benefit, old age pensions, certain forms of sickness and maternity benefits) are paid net of withholdings for health insurance, the benefit authority effectively paying the employer contributions. Foreigners coming to live in Belgium without working (e. . retirees and the idle rich) must generally produce evidence of health insurance in order to obtain a entrance hall permit. There are special health insurance plans, valid in a number of countries, designed specifically for the needs of expatriates and those who travel frequently. If you qualify for non-resident tax status, you may not be required to contribute to national social security, in which case you will probably be cover by your employers health care plan. (You shoul d check All employees and mercenary(a) people in Belgium must contribute to a health insurance fund ( mutualite/ziekenfonds) as part of the normal social security memorandum process. Some funds are restricted to members of various religious, political or professional organisations for historic reasons, but most are open to all. Your employer should be able to provide you with information about available funds, and you should ask neighbours or colleagues for recommendations. All funds charge the same basic contribution and pay similar benefits, but some take longer than others to make reimbursements.Health insurance contributions are made by your employer straight off to your chosen fund. These add up to 7. 35 per cent of your gross salary, of which 3. 55 per cent is withheld from your pay and the remain 3. 8 per cent contributed by your employer. If youre self-employed, you contribute the full 7. 35 per cent through your quarterly social security payments. Cover is mechanically provided for dependent family members, including spouses (if they dont have their own cover) and children up to the age of 18.When you enrol in a Belgian health fund, theres a six-month waiting period before you can claim benefits. This waiting period can be waived if you were previously included for at least six months in another persons health cover (i. e. as a dependant) or, in many cases, if you were covered by a state health care plan (or the equivalent) in another EU country for at least six months before your arrival in Belgium. For most medical services, you must pay the bill and then progress the receipt for reimbursement.Reimbursements are usually less than the charges incurred, and most Belgians take out supplementary health insurance to cover the unreimbursed mickle or to rise their cover from the statutory level. Many employers provide supplementary health insurance cover as an employment benefit, or you can purchase individual cover. Supplementary health insurance is also available to self-employed people through professional associations and private insurers. In typical Belgian fashion, the subscribe nature of what is and isnt covered by the state system is rather complicated.Services rendered by most doctors and specialists, hospitalisation, prescriptions, pregnancy and childbirth, rehabilitation and other forms of therapy are normally covered, although the self-employed are covered only for major risks, which include mental sickness, tuberculosis, cancer, hereditary diseases and birth defects, most types of surgery and childbirth. There are no a few(prenominal)er than 18 categories of medical procedure and service, each with its own reimbursement level, varying from 0 to 100 per cent (although the number of items qualifying for 100 per cent reimbursement is constantly diminishing because of funding problems).There are also certain preferred categories of people who are entitled to a higher level of reimbursement for many items, includin g widows, orphans and those receiving certain forms of public aid (e. g. the blind). A standard doctors appointment, for example, is normally reimbursed at 75 per cent, whereas those in a preferred category may be reimbursed at 85 or 90 per cent, depending on their circumstances. Its wise to keep copies of all communicate and any other documents you send to your health insurance fund in case anything is lost.Rather than sending each receipt separately, its often better to collect all receipts for a given illness or accident or all receipts during a 3 or six-month period before submitting them for reimbursement. If you have supplementary insurance, your health fund usually forwards information to your private insurer, and both insurers normally pay reimbursements directly into your bank account. If youre hospitalised, you must usually pay a fixed daily accommodation fee, either in advance or when youre discharged, but the hospital normally sends all other bills directly to your hea lth insurance fund.In the case of prescriptions, if you take most of them to the same chemist, its usually possible to register with him so that he bills your health insurance fund directly. In this way you pay only the unreimbursed portion of the prescription fees, as well as saving yourself the headache of retention track of your payments. Prescriptions are subject to a particularly complex subdue of reimbursement percentages, according to the social and medical usefulness of each medicine and whether its available off the shelf or must be made up by a chemist.Certain types of medicines have maximum long-suffering contribution levels, where 100 per cent of charges are reimbursed after a certain period. VII. Language a. Official Language(s) Belgium has three official languages French, German, and Flemish, which is similar to Dutch. b. Spoken vs. pen languages- N/A c. Dialects Dutch in Belgium is virtually identical to Dutch in the Netherlands, with the exception of a few loca l terms and expressions, although certain areas in Dutch-speaking Belgium have local dialects that can sometimes be cryptic to speakers of standard Dutch.The French spoken in Belgium is standard but with its own distinctive accent (at least according to the French ) and a few specialised words, notably the use of septante and nonante for 70 and 90 instead of soixante-dix and quatre-vingt-dix. (Oddly, the Belgians do use quatre-vingt for the number 80 rather than octante, which is used in Switzerland and some other francophone areas of the world. ) VIII. Executive Summary IX. Sources of Information