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Chapters 5 and 6 Study lam1. For the popishs, _________ Italys __________ geography do enceinte(p) of Italy a natural crossroads and an compass easy to defend. P1142. Rome was established in the first millennium B. C. on the plain of __________ plain of Latium ___________. P1143. All of the future(a) about the Etruscans atomic number 18 comprise expel direct many of Romes patrician class and established a republic in Rome in 509 B. C. p. 114-115 a. sett take north of Rome. b. adopted alphabetic language from the Greeks before 600 B. C. c. had begun to decline by 480 B. C. . civilized Rome by bit it into a true urban center. 4. ______________ Rome ____________ set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes later on forming the papist Confederation by offering the most favored all in allied peoples full Roman citizenship, thus tolerant them a stake in successful Roman expansion. p. 1205. _____________ Romes ______s advantage of the Italian peninsula by 264 B . C. can be attributed in variance to superior diplomacy. p. 1216. In defeating the ___________ Greek ____________ city- dry rural areas in southern Italy, Rome had to fight the soldiers of office Pyrrhus, sent against them by the Greeksp. 207. The Roman ____________ Dictator _____________ was a atypical executive during the accomplish custodyt of the res publica and exercised unlimited put forward for a period of usually six months. p. 1178. Executive authority or ___________ imperium ___________ during the Roman Republic was held by the consuls and praetors. p. 1179. As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with ordaineds cognise as ______________ proconsuls __________ and propraetors. p. 11710. The ___________ paterfamilias ________ in Roman order of magnitude was the male designate of the household. p. 11811.Originally the Roman ________ Senate __________ could only advise the magistrates in legal matters. p. 11712. In their campaign with t he patricians, Roman __________ plebeins ____________employed which of the future(a) tactics a physical withdrawal from the state cumulation the stairscutting its array manpower and the formation of popular assemblies to lobby for more semipolitical reforms. p. 11813. The _______ twelve _______ Tables was/were the first formal codification of Roman faithfulness and customs. p. 118-11914. The by-line statements about the Roman armies in the early Republic are correct. . unitary hundred twenty-five a. All soldiers were citizens. b. Most soldiers were farmers. c. Soldiers were enrolled for only a year. d. In the ordinal coulomb BCE there were four legions, each consisting of 4,000 to 5,000 men. 15. The _________ Carthaginians __________originated from Phoenician Tyre. p. 121 16. The immediate cause of the root Punic fight was Rome sending an army to_______ Sicily ____________. p. 12217. As a result of the First Punic War the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw fro m ___________ Sicily _____________ and abide an indemnity to Rome. . 12218. During the Second Punic War, ____________ Scipio Africanus _______________ expelled the Carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive combat of Zama. p. 12419. The Second Punic War saw Carthage carry a land war to Rome by carrefour the _____ Alps ____. p. 12320. The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was ___ Cato ____. P. 12421. The result of the _________ Third Punic War ____________ Punic War was the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage. p. 12422.It can outdo be said that __________ Roman _____________ imperial expansion was elevatedly opportunistic, responding to unforeseen troops threats and possibilities for glory. p. 12423. The head of the Roman religious observances was______ the pontifex maximus _______. p. 12724. In Roman __________ godliness ______________, a right relationship with the gods was achieved by accurate performance of r ituals and festivals. p. 12725. Roman religious practices included a. a college of priests to carry out rituals correctly. b. the adoption of certain(a) Greek gods like Apollo. p. 2726. With regards to Roman schooling, education stressed discipline in __________ Greek _______________ and mastery of rhetoric, or persuasive public spea poove. p. 12827. By the latter Republic, Roman slaves often worked on the Roman _______house hold workers___________. p. 12928. Roman ________upper________-class women typically had some independent legal rights and property. p. 13129. In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, couldp. 129 a. allot his children. b. put his children to death. c. arrange the marriages of all offspring. d. divorce his wife. 30.The Romans most noticeable aims in art and culture were found in __________ architecture _____________ and ____________ engineering ___________. p. 13331. The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius ________________ Gracchus _____________ __resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups. p. 13632. The __________ equites ____________were a wealthy and ambitious class of Romans who appeared in the late Republic. p. 135 33. ______________ sulla ___________s legacy and importance was that he employed his personal army in political disputes, paving the way toward Roman civil war. . 13734. Among the dangerous military innovations of _______ Marius _______________threatening the Republic, one finds he recruited destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him. p. 13635. Cicero a. believed in a concord of the coiffes. b. was a new man of the equestrian order. c. was a outstanding orator and capable lawyer. d. advocated a balanced government of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. p. 13836. Julius ____________ Caesar ______________led military commands in Spain and especially Gaul that enhanced his popularity. p. 13837.The First Triumvirate included____ Caesar_ ___, ___ Crassus____, and___ Pompey____. p. 138 Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.38. By crossing the___________ Rubicon ____________, Caesar showed that he was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate. p. 13939. The Roman Senate under _____________ Augustus ______________was retained as the chief deliberative body of the Roman state. p. 14840. The tyrannical monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to a. the usual victory of his candidates in official elections. b. the decline of popular participation in elections. c. his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power. p. 14941. Augustus held the titles of imperator, ____________imperium____________, tribune, and prineps. p. 148-14942. The Roman ________ praetorian _______________ guards were elite troops precondition the task of protecting the emperor. p. 15043. Under the rule of______________ Augustus _____________, the Roman conglomerate rancid towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the Senate. p. 14844. The event that curtailed _____________ Augustuss ________________s expansionist policies was the defeat by Varus in the Teutoburg Forest. . 15145. Romanization in Roman empire occurred quickly in the __________West________. P. 158 western hemisphere46. Among Augustus most main(prenominal) actions in the area of Roman religion was his creation of an imperial ___________Cult_______________. p. 15247. The city on the Tiber that was Romes chief port was________ Ostia _______________. p. 15848. Livy was best known in the Augustan Age for his __________ History of Rome ___________ in 142 books. p. 15349. Ovids ___________ The Art of Love _________________ caused great displeasure to Augustus and led to Ovids eventual exile. p. 52-15350. The golden age historian ___________ Livy ______________is wholesome known for his perceiving history in terms of sharp moral lessons. p. 15351. The inheritor to Augustus and first of the Julio-Claudian rules was___ ______ Tiberius ____________. p. 15452. The Julio-Claudian emperors varied in ability and effectiveness. p. 15453. During the reigns of the _____________ Julio-Claudian ____________ emperors, Emperors took more and more true(a) ruling power away from the old Senate. p. 15454. The first of the Flavian emperors was___________ Vespasian _______________. . 15455. The correct order of the five erect emperors is _______ Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pious, Marcus Aurelius _____. p. 15556. All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five good emperors a. organism a period of peace for 100 years. b. the establishment of educational programs for the poor. c. massive building programs. d. organism an era of prosperity. p. 15557. Trade and commerce in the early Empire stimulated manufacturing, concentrated some industries in certain areas, was thirdhand in importance to ____ agriculture ___. . 16058. The good emperor Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of _______ Stoicism _____________. p. 15559. The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was the use of ___________ concrete ____________on a massive scale. p. 16260. purple Romes _______ gladiatorial ________shows were government-backed spectacles used to content the masses. p. 16461. The two Roman cities that unmake by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A. D. were Pompeii and _______ Herculaneum _________. p. 16662.Among the upper classes of the beforehand(predicate) Empire ______ women _____ had considerable freedom and independence. p. 16763. The early values of___________ Christianity ____________, as exemplified in Jesus sermon on the mount, emphasized devotion to the values of humility, charity, and true accessible love. p. 17164. archaeozoic ___ Christianity ______ was molded into a broader religious movement by capital of Minnesota of Tarsus. p. 17165. The emperor who said, Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don t give a asshole for anything else was____ Septimius Severus ________. p. 16966.The late third century emperor who reconquered and reestablished order in the easterly and along the Danube and who was known as the restorer of the world was_____ Aurelian ______. p. 16967. The two Roman emperors who notably persecuted the Christian minority were ____ Decius _______ and ____ Diocletian ______. p. 176 NOTEThe correct answers are provided for rime 3, 14, 25, 29, 35, 40, 52, and 56.Chapters 7, 8 and 9 Study Guide1. The Edict of _________ Milan ________ was Constantines document officially tolerating the founding of Christianity.P1822. The Council of ________ Nicaea ____________ in 325 defined Christ as being of the same message as God. P1833. The heresy of Arianism questioned the divinity of ______ Jesus _______. P1834. In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of oblige from the ______ _ Huns ______. P1845. ________ Theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, was determined to maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy. P1886.After the death of _______ theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic kingdom was defeated by the Byzantines, reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture. P1887. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the nicety of the new horse opera atomic number 63an kingdoms in 732 by defeating Islamic armies in 732 and driving them back to Spain. P1898. Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by compurgation and ordeal. P1909. Frankish marriage customs placed weapons-grade sanctions (sometimes death) on adulterous _________ women _________. P19110. The pontiff who supposedly caused Attila and the Huns to turn away from Rome was ___Leo 1_______. P19411. The Petrine Doctrine was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church. P19312. Augustine did all of th e followingP192-193 a. write Confessions. b. use pagan culture in the service of Christianity. c. advocate marriage for the procreation of children as a good alternative for Christians incapable of upholding the ideal of celibacy as a content to holiness. d. author The City of God. 13. Augustines Confessions was written as an account of his own terrific personal conversion. P19214. Saint Jerome, is known for all of the followingP193 a. his mastery of Latin prose. b. his skills as a linguist. c. his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin. d. befitting one of the Latin Fathers of the Church. 15. The father of hermit monasticism was ______ St. Anthony ____________. P19516. The fundamental rule for western monastic living was developed by ___ benedict __________. P19517. Benedictine monasticism is characterized byP196 a. an ideal of moderation. b. the communal life. c. isolated, self-sustaining communities. d. vows and rules. 18. The Apostle to the Germans and the most famous churchman in atomic number 63 in the eighth century was ______ Boniface __________. P19819. In 597, pontiff Gregory the Great sent the monk, Augustine, to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons. P19720. Pope Gregory the Great was responsible for all of the followingP194 a. creating the Papal States. b. recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy. c. supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England. d. becoming Bishop of Rome. 21.The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of atomic number 63 was____ monastic movement ________. P19522. The greatest contrast surrounded by Irish Christianity and Roman Christianity was in Irish church organization, giving Irish abbots more power than bishops. P19723. One of the greatest nuns of the seventh monastery, and kick in of the Whitby monastery was ___ St. Hilda _________. P19824. The great Christian scholar of late antiquity, ________ Cassiodorus ______________, divided the seven great(p) arts into the trivium and quadrivium. According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes grammar, hetoric, and dialectic or logic. P20025. Justinians military conquests under the general, Belisarius, were __ Vandal farming in North Africa _and Italian peninsula occupying sicily________________________. P20126. Justinians most important contribution to westerly civilization was his_____ codification of the law ______. P20227. The Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) compiled under Justinian was the run low Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin. P20228. The cleaning lady whose support put down the Nika Revolt against Justinians rule in 532 was_________ Theodora _____. P20329.The following are great buildings in the city of ConstantinopleP204 a. Hagia Sophia b. Hippodrome c. Royal Palace d. b and d30. During the period of the Roman Empire, the Arabian Peninsula was dominated by the ____ bedouin nomads ______. P20631. The of import principle of the Islamic faith is that there is only God and his vaticinator is ________ Muhammad ___________. P20732. Muhammads flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the _______ Hegira ______. P20733. The following are similarities amidst Christianity and IslamP207 a. Each of the faiths had a holy book. b. Both religions were monotheistic. c. Both religions had as part of their scriptures divine revelation. d. Both religions envisioned heaven or heaven for believers.34. The successors to Muhammads attractorship of the Muslims were known as______ caliphs ______. P20835. Muslim societies abide by a unmitigated mandate of law, much of it derived from the holy book Quran, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called ______ Sharia. ____. P207-20836. The Muslim dynasty that assumed power after the black lotion of Muhammads son-in-law, Ali, and moved the capital to Damascus was the ______ Umayyad __________. P 20937. In the aboriginal put Ages, the civilization of new land was hard because the forests of Europe were so thick and bumpy tools of the era made land clearing arduous. P21438. In the early essence Ages, Germanic tribes newly converted to Christianity still held pagan beliefs such as trees were sacred beings and could not be cut down. P21439. The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was _____ Pepin _______. P21440. Charlemagnes most disappointing military campaign came against the _______ Basques __________. P21541.The coronation of ___________ Charlemagne _____________ in 800 as emperor of the Romans symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures. P21842. Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages could not enforce clerical celibacy. P22043. Socially and culturally, the churchs advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the increase family. P22044. Medicine in the Early Middle Ages and medicine in originally pagan times used __medicines and natural practices with appeals for other-worldly help, magical rites and influences were used_______.P22345. Carolingian society was marked by all of the followingP222 a. the use of bleeding to mend illness. b. different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor. c. the vices of gluttony and drunkenness. d. considerable violence. 46. What was the name of the pact that divided the Carolingian Empire in 843? P224_______________ treaty of Verdun___________47. The division of Europe into three kingdoms after the death of Louis the Pious led to an incessant struggle between Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over disputed territories. P22448.The following statements are true of the VikingsP226-227 a. Their branding iron out weapons and superior shipbuilding were largely responsible for their successful raids. b. Their raids and settl ements aided the offset of fief-holding. c. Christianity assimilated them into European civilization. d. They came from Scandinavia. 49. One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was ___ Erik the Red. ____. P22850. In westbound Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective auspices.P22851. Feudalism of chivalrous Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the atonic sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. P22852. The hierarchical fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as _____ subinfeudation ______. P22953. The major obligation of the lord to the _____ vassal ____ was economic support and protection either militarily or done grants of land. P22954. Under _____ feudalism _______of the Early Middle Ages the major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service. P22955. The ____ Slavs _________ were originally a single people in underlying Europe. P23656. The Swedish Vikings-the Varangians-became known or assimilated with which of the following groups ________ Russians ___________. P23757. The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire was _______ Vladimir 1 _______. P23758. The Islamic city in Spain that served as the Umayyad capital was _______ Cordoba ____. P23959. The capital city of the Umayyad Caliphate and center of an Islamic empire was ____ Damascus ______. P23760. The major socio-political interpolate associated with the _______ Abbasid _____ Caliphate is promotion of judges, merchants, and government officials over warriors as ideal citizens. P23861. The Abbasids broke down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims. P23762. One consequence of the new agriculture of the Early Middle Ages was the destruction of the ______farmla nd__________. P24463. The agricultural revolution of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. P24664. New technological developments in agriculture improving productivity of foodstuffs included all of the following a. iron hoes. b. the use of horse shoes. c. the difficult-wheeled, iron-tipped plow (carruca). d. watermills and windmills. P245-24665. List sources of power by gothic farmers? ____ horses, water, windmills and oxen _____________________________________________________________. P245-24666. The peasants life during the Middle Ages was largely determined by ________ the seasons. _______. P24667. The basic staple of the peasant diet was ____ bread _________. P24668. The village church was led by local priests who were often barely literate. P24769. The high number of fights and accidents exposit in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to the high consumption of ________Alcohol____________ . P24770. Male ___ nobles _ of the High Middle Ages were almost solely preoccupied with warfare. P24771. In medieval thought, women were considered by nature subservient and lesser beings than __ men ___. P24972. The main part of the medieval castle was called the _____ moat ________. P24873.The knightly code of ethics known as chivalry included all of the following requirementsP250 a. knights were to fight to defend the church. b. knights were to protect the weak and defenseless. c. winning glory should be the knights highest aim and motivating force. d. knights should fight for their overlords. 74. Combative tournaments involving knights were considered excellent and necessary develop for warfare. P25075. Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth. P25076.By the one-twelfth century, _______ divorce _________ among nobles was not possible except through official recogniti on that a marriage had never been valid. P25177. The term burg or borough referred to a ______fortress_________. P25478. To protect their interests against nobles, township often formed _______Commune________. P25579. A major motive contributing to the revolutionary political behavior of European townspeople was their great need for unfettered mobility to conduct trade efficiently. P25580. On the whole, medieval cities tended to be relatively undemocratic the wealthy usually ruled and voted in civic elections. P25581. Medieval cities had skylines dominated by the towers of churches, castles, and town halls. P255-25782. A major cause of pollution in medieval cities was the smell and waste of animals and humans. P257-25883. The hunting lodge system of medieval European cities did all of the followingP259 a. enforce standards and methods of intersection for various articles. b. fix prices at which finished goods could be sold. c. set the metrical composition of people who coul d enter key trades and the procedures by which they could do so. d. maintain monopolies of proceeds and sales. 84.Drinking water in the cities of the Middle Ages usually came from ____ wells ___. P25985. The first university to be founded in Europe appeared in ___ Bologna ________. P26086. The first university in northerly Europe was ______ University of Paris_____________________. P26087. Due to its many cathedral schools, the intellectual center of Europe by the twelfth century was _ France __. P26088. Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople. P261-26289. Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students analyse the trivium and quadrivium. P260-26190. The renaissance of the twelfth century was primarily caused by circulation in the west in Latin translation of many ancient philosophical and scientific works previously saved by ____ Muslim ____ scholars. P262-26391. The renaissance of the tw elfth century saw all of the followingP262-263 a. Muslim scientific discoveries made available to the west. b. scholarly receptiveness to the works of Jewish thinkers. c. a great influx of Aristotles writings previously available only to Arab scholars. d. Islamic Spain being a conduit of scholarly works from ancient Greece and from the Muslim world. 92. The primary assimilation of ___ Scholasticism ______ was the reconciliation of faith with reason. P26393. The medieval theological debate between the scholastic realists and nominalists centered around the problem of universals and the nature of reality. P26394. The Summa Theologica of Thomas ___ doubting Thomas _______ raised questions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method. P264-26595. The Song of __Roland______ is one of the finest examples of the medieval chanson de geste. P26596. The dominant style of the church architecture in the ordinal and twelfth centuries was ___ romanesque ______. P26697. T he following are characteristics of Romanesque architectureP266-267 a. churches in this style were construct in rectangular shape b. massive pillars and walls were required for support c. heavy barrel vaults with rounded stone roofs replaced flat wooden roofs d. few windows. 98. chivalric cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions collectible to all of the following innovations a. ribbed vaults. b. flying buttresses. c. thin walls pierced by huge stained glass windows. d. pointed arches. P26799. The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was improve in ___ France _____. P268